Methods for Visualizing Economics

Slides from my talk at American Association of Budget and Program Analysis 2012 Symposium. Includes some methods I have used to create a data visualization and examples of my work.

Transcript

1. Visualizing Economics VisualizingEconomics.com Catherine Mulbrandon cmulbrandon@gmail.com @visualecon
3. Methods for Graphing Data
4. VisualizingEconomics.com Breakdown the elements of a chart 0" 500,000" 1,000,000" 1,500,000" 2,000,000" 2,500,000" 3,000,000" 3,500,000" 4,000,000" 4,500,000" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" Angle Length
5. VisualizingEconomics.com Common Graphic Elements Posi-on Length Angle Slope Area Intensity Color Shape
6. Gaming supervisors Coaches and scouts Writers and authors 90,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 VisualizingEconomics.com Most Efficient Gaming supervisors Coaches and scouts Writers and authors 80,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 Gaming supervisors Coaches and scouts Writers and authors 90,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Posi-on Length
7. VisualizingEconomics.com When precision is important the length works better that the area. 1,000 1,000 1,100 1,100
8. VisualizingEconomics.com Graphing Numbers More accurate Less accurate Posi-on Length Angle Slope Area Intensity Color Shape None Low, Medium, High, Household, Individual, Family Categories Ranking Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
9. VisualizingEconomics.com Reading changes in slope easier at 45 degrees Too shallow Too steep
10. VisualizingEconomics.com Pie Charts Angle Area Area
11. VisualizingEconomics.com Alternatives to Pie Charts Bar Chart Stacked Bar Chart
12. VisualizingEconomics.com Business operations (nonfinance) 3% Other Real estate 3.2% Blue collar or miscellaneous service 3.8% Skilled sales (except finance or real estate) 4.2% Not working or deceased 4.3% Computer, math, engineering, technical (nonfinance) 4.6% Lawyers 8.4% Financial professions, including management 13.9% Medical 15.7% Executives, managers, supervisors (non-finance) 31% In 2005, the Top 1% made at least $295,000 Top Occupations for Top 1%
13. VisualizingEconomics.com Unknown $1,246,000 Min Income Top 0.1% $295,000 Min Income Top 1% $94,000 Min Income Top 10% $0 100% 75% 50% 25% Executives, managers, supervisors (not in finance) Financial professions (including management) Lawyers Arts, media & sports Medical Not working or deceased Blue collar or miscellaneous service* Real estate *Neither occupation was listed in the Top 0.1% Entrepreneur not elsewhere classified Business operations (nonfinance) Computer, math, engineering, technical (nonfinance) Other known occupation Skilled sales (except finance or real estate) Professors and scientists Farmers & ranchers Government, teachers, social services* Top 0.1% Top 1% Percent of Income Earners Occupations of the Top 1% and Top 0.1%
14. VisualizingEconomics.com Data Type Low, Medium, High, Household, Individual, Family Categories Ranking Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Posi-on Length Angle Slope Area Intensity Color Shape More accurate Less accurate None
15. VisualizingEconomics.com Color Intensity Area Shape
16. VisualizingEconomics.com Highly Selective Color Intensity Area Shape
17. VisualizingEconomics.com Highly Associative Color Intensity Area Shape
18. VisualizingEconomics.com Color: Associative and Selective Color Intensity Area Shape
19. VisualizingEconomics.com Graphical Elements Low, Medium, High, Household, Individual, Family Categories Ranking Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Posi-on Length Angle Slope Area Intensity Color Shape More accurate Less accurate None
20. VisualizingEconomics.com Color Schemes Sequential Categories Divergent Low, Medium, High, Household, Individual, Family Negative — None — Positive
21. VisualizingEconomics.com ColorBrewer2.org
22. VisualizingEconomics.com Further Readings Stephen Few Show Me the Numbers
23. Making the Data Graphic
24. VisualizingEconomics.com Small Multiples 90,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Gaming supervisors Photographers Coaches and scouts Art directors Writers and authors 90,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Gaming supervisors Photographers Coaches and scouts Art directors Writers and authors 90,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Gaming supervisors Photographers Coaches and scouts Art directors Writers and authors 90,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Gaming supervisors Photographers Coaches and scouts Art directors Writers and authors Align the Axis to support reading Top to Bottom Left to Right
25. VisualizingEconomics.com Share of Population vs Share of Income 100% 0 20 40 60 80 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cumulative Share of Population Equal Distribution 1979 2007 100% 0 20 40 60 80 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cumulative Share of Population Cumulative Share of Population Cumulative Share of Population Cumulative Share of Income Equal Distribution 1979 2007 100% 0 20 40 60 80 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Equal Distribution 1979 2007 100% 0 20 40 60 80 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cumulative Share of Income 1979 2007 Equal Distribution Capital Business Capital Gains Labor
26. VisualizingEconomics.com 2010 1890 1920 1950 1980 35 million 0 70 million 14 million 21 million 28 million U.S. Population Number of Households 11.9 million 31.0 million 2010 1890 1920 1950 1980 5 0 1 2 3 4 Number of people per household 2.6 people
27. VisualizingEconomics.com Stock Market Price Changes
28. VisualizingEconomics.com OmniGraphSketcher
29. VisualizingEconomics.com
30. >$85 $42 $0 Average Hourly Wage >90% 0% <-90% Change in Number of Jobs 2001–2011 ᶋ ᶌ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶍ ᶎ ᶏ ᶐ Short-term on-the-job training Moderate-term on-the-job training Associate's degree Doctoral degree Work experience in a related field All Military Occupations Professional degree Bachelor's degree Degree plus work experience Post-secondary vocational award Master's degree Elementary school teachers, except special education Middle school teachers, except special & vocational education Secretaries, except legal, medical and executive Maintenance & repair workers, general Bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks Cooks, institution & cafeteria Highway maintenance workers Correctional o cers & jailers Executive secretaries & administrative assistants Police & sheri 's patrol o cers Postsecondary teachers Law- yers Registered nurses Education admins. elementary & secondary school Nursing aides, order- lies & atten- dants First-line supervisors/ managers of o ce & admin support workers Managers, all other Detectives & criminal investigators Self-enrichment education teachers Library techni- cians General & operations managers Management analysts Educational, vocational and school counselors Librarians Computer specialists, all other Computer support specialists Fire ghters Business operation specialists, all other Teachers & instructors, all other Accountants & auditors Child, family and school social workers Secondary school teachers, except special & vocational education Teacher assistants Janitors & cleaners, except maids & housekeeping cleaners Bus drivers, school Child care workers Landscaping &grounds keeping workers Information & record clerks, all other O ce clerks, general ᶑ ᶌ Compliance o cers, except agriculture, construction, health & safety and transportation Air tra c controllers Bus & truck mechanics & diesel engine specialists Education administrators, postsecondary Emergency medical technicians & paramedics Legislators Judges, magistrate judges and magistrates Physicians & surgeons Computer programmers First-line supervisors/ managers of police & detectives Police, re and ambulance dispatchers O ce & administrative support workers, all other Eligibility interview- ers, government programs Network systems & data communications analysts ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ Licensed practical & licensed vocational nurses ᶋ ᶍ ᶎ ᶏ ᶐ ᶑ ᶌ Compliance o cers, except agriculture, construction, health & safety and transportation Air tra c controllers Bus & truck mechanics & diesel engine specialists Education administrators, postsecondary Emergency medical technicians & paramedics Legislators Judges, magistrate judges and magistrates Physicians & surgeons Computer programmers First-line supervisors/ managers of police & detectives Police, re and ambulance dispatchers O ce & administrative support workers, all other Eligibility interview- ers, government programs Network systems & data communications analysts ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ Licensed practical & licensed vocational nurses ᶋ ᶍ ᶎ ᶏ ᶐ ᶑ ᶋ ᶌ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶍ ᶎ ᶏ ᶐ Short-term on-the-job training Moderate-term on-the-job training Associate's degree Doctoral degree Work experience in a related field All Military Occupations Long-term on-the-job training Long-term on-the-job training Professional degree Bachelor's degree Degree plus work experience Post-secondary vocational award Master's degree Elementary school teachers, except special education Middle school teachers, except special & vocational education Secretaries, except legal, medical and executive Maintenance & repair workers, general Bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks Cooks, institution & cafeteria Highway maintenance workers Correctional o cers & jailers Executive secretaries & administrative assistants Police & sheri 's patrol o cers Postsecondary teachers Law- yers Registered nurses Education admins. elementary & secondary school Nursing aides, order- lies & atten- dants First-line supervisors/ managers of o ce & admin support workers Managers, all other Detectives & criminal investigators Self-enrichment education teachers Library techni- cians General & operations managers Management analysts Educational, vocational and school counselors Librarians Computer specialists, all other Computer support specialists Fire ghters Business operation specialists, all other Teachers & instructors, all other Accountants & auditors Child, family and school social workers Secondary school teachers, except special & vocational education Teacher assistants Janitors & cleaners, except maids & housekeeping cleaners Bus drivers, school Child care workers Landscaping &grounds keeping workers Information & record clerks, all other O ce clerks, general ᶑ Government has 13.7% of 172 million U.S. jobs. but 13.4% of U.S. GDP. Government has 13.7% of 172 million U.S. jobs. but 13.4% of U.S. GDP. 100,000 Jobs 100,000 Jobs VisualizingEconomics.com Government: Income vs Change in Jobs
31. VisualizingEconomics.com R Project for Statistical Computing
32. VisualizingEconomics.com Illustrator
33. VisualizingEconomics.com R Tutorials flowingdata.com Nathan Yau
34. VisualizingEconomics.com Simple icons
35. Median (50%) Average $49,445 $67,530 0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 $350,000 $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 Each equals 500,000 households VisualizingEconomics.com Average of Household Income
36. VisualizingEconomics.com Defining the Labor Force Employed Children Under 16 Unemployed Not in Labor Force Active Duty Armed Forces In Prison, Jail, or Juvenile Correctional Facilities Institutionalized in a Nursing home/Hospital Discouraged Workers Other Marginally Attached Workers Part-time not for economics reasons Part-time for economics reasons 310,000,000 People in the United States = 1,000,000 people Civilian Labor Force Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population
37. 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 0 Change in Size Fewer People in the Home 3.7 2.6 55% 99% Median square feet of floor area in new single-family houses More Homes with a Full Bathroom 2,135 ~1,000 34 million 112 million Hot and cold piped water, a bath-tub or shower and a flush toilet 1940 2000 Number of Households Increasing Buying Bigger, Better Homes VisualizingEconomics.com
38. VisualizingEconomics.com TheNounProject.com
39. VisualizingEconomics.com Rudolf Modley “Pictograms”
40. VisualizingEconomics.com
41. VisualizingEconomics.com iStockphoto.com
42. VisualizingEconomics.com by DutchIcon
43. VisualizingEconomics.com Edward Tufte The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Jacques Bertin Semiology of Graphics William S Cleveland The Elements of Graphing Data
44. VisualizingEconomics.com Catherine Mulbrandon cmulbrandon@gmail.com @visualecon