Postgres at any scale

Transcript

1. Postgres at any scale Craig Kerstiens @ Citus Data

2. Who am I? • Craig Kerstiens • Run fully managed

   database-as-a-service • Curate Postgres Weekly • Blog at craigkerstiens.com • Previously Heroku, Truviso, Accenture

3. Itty bitty little data

4. Database is just a hash

5. Postgres • Datatypes • GIS • Index types • Full

   text search • JSONB

6. Datatypes • Varchar(255) • Timestamp vs. Timestamptz • JSON vs.

   JSONB

7. Constraints • Django/SQL Alchemy good by default • Is this

   string really under 255 characters? • Is the IP address really an IP address? • Does the foreign key exist? • What about if you delete a user, do you clean up the rest of the records?

8. Backups Backups let you 1. recover data, but also 2.

   verify quality of your data Backups don’t exist unless you test them

9. Medium

10. Configure your system • Setup your logs • Configure your

    memory • Tweak vacuum • Adjust checkpoints

11. Don’t learn it all http://pgtune.leopard.in.ua/

12. Cache rules everything around me

13. Cache hit rate SELECT 'index hit rate' as name, (sum(idx_blks_hit)

    - sum(idx_blks_read)) / sum(idx_blks_hit + idx_blks_read) as ratio FROM pg_statio_user_indexes union all SELECT 'cache hit rate' as name, case sum(idx_blks_hit) when 0 then 'NaN'::numeric else to_char((sum(idx_blks_hit) - sum(idx_blks_read)) / sum(idx_blks_hit + idx_blks_read), '99.99')::numeric end as ratio FROM pg_statio_user_indexes)

14. Cache hit rate name | ratio ----------------+------------------------ cache hit rate

    | 0.99

15. Index hit rate SELECT relname, 100 * idx_scan / (seq_scan

    + idx_scan), n_live_tup FROM pg_stat_user_tables ORDER BY n_live_tup DESC;

16. Index hit rate relname | percent_of_times_index_used | rows_in_table ---------------------+-----------------------------+--------------- events

    | 0 | 669917 app_infos_user_info | 0 | 198218 app_infos | 50 | 175640 user_info | 3 | 46718 rollouts | 0 | 34078 favorites | 0 | 3059

17. Rough guidelines Cache hit rate >= 99% Index hit rate

    >= 95% where on > 10,000 rows

18. Understanding Specific Query Performance

19. Understanding Specific Query Performance SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE salary

    >= 50000;

20. Understanding Specific Query Performance EXPLAIN SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE

    salary >= 50000; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------- ------ Seq Scan on employees (cost=0.00..35811.00 rows=1 width=6) Filter: (salary >= 50000) (3 rows)

21. Understanding Specific Query Performance EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT last_name FROM employees

    WHERE salary >= 50000; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on employees (cost=0.00..35811.00 rows=1 width=6) (actual time=2.401..295.247 rows=1428 loops=1) Filter: (salary >= 50000) Total runtime: 295.379 (3 rows)

22. Rough guidelines Page response times < 100 ms Common queries

    < 10ms Rare queries < 100ms

23. Understanding Specific Query Performance EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT last_name FROM employees

    WHERE salary >= 50000; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on employees (cost=0.00..35811.00 rows=1 width=6) (actual time=2.401..295.247 rows=1428 loops=1) Filter: (salary >= 50000) Total runtime: 295.379 (3 rows)

24. Indexes CREATE INDEX idx_emps ON employees (salary);

25. Indexes EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE salary >=

    50000; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using idx_emps on employees (cost=0.00..8.49 rows=1 width=6) (actual time = 0.047..1.603 rows=1428 loops=1) Index Cond: (salary >= 50000) Total runtime: 1.771 ms (3 rows)

26. pg_stat_statements $ select * from pg_stat_statements where query ~ 'from

    users where email'; userid │ 16384 dbid │ 16388 query │ select * from users where email = ?; calls │ 2 total_time │ 0.000268 rows │ 2 shared_blks_hit │ 16 shared_blks_read │ 0 shared_blks_dirtied │ 0 shared_blks_written │ 0 local_blks_hit │ 0 local_blks_read │ 0 local_blks_dirtied │ 0 local_blks_written │ 0 ...

27. pg_stat_statements SELECT (total_time / 1000 / 60) as total, (total_time/calls)

    as avg, query FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY 1 DESC LIMIT 100;

28. pg_stat_statements total | avg | query --------+--------+------------------------- 295.76 | 10.13

    | SELECT id FROM users... 219.13 | 80.24 | SELECT * FROM ... (2 rows)

29. Indexes

30. Indexes B-Tree Generalized Inverted Index (GIN) Generalized Search Tree (GIST)

    K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Space Partitioned GIST (SP-GIST) Block Range Index (BRIN)

31. Which do you use?

32. BTree You usually want this

33. Generalized Inverted Index (GIN) Use with multiple values in 1

    column Array/hStore

34. Generalized Search Tree (GIST) Full text search Shapes

35. Indexes B-Tree Generalized Inverted Index (GIN) Generalized Search Tree (GIST)

    K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Space Partitioned GIST (SP-GIST) Block Range Index (BRIN)

36. Other index tips

37. Be specific • Composite indexes • Functional indexes • Conditional

    indexes

38. Faster writes? Faster reads?

39. Every write you make 1. Figure out query plan 2.

    Write to disk 3. Wait for ack 4. Return

40. Every write you make 1. Figure out query plan 2.

    Write to disk 3. Wait for ack 4. Update the index 5. Return

41. Every write you make 1. Figure out query plan 2.

    Write to disk 3. Wait for ack 4. Update the index 5. Update the other index 6. Return

42. Every write you make 1. Figure out query plan 2.

    Write to disk 3. Wait for ack 4. Update the index 5. Update the other index 6. Update the other other index 7. Return

43. Unused indexes? SELECT schemaname || '.' || relname AS table,

    indexrelname AS index, pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid)) AS index_size, idx_scan as index_scans FROM pg_stat_user_indexes ui JOIN pg_index i ON ui.indexrelid = i.indexrelid WHERE NOT indisunique AND idx_scan < 50 AND pg_relation_size(relid) > 5 * 8192 ORDER BY pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid) / nullif(idx_scan, 0) DESC NULLS FIRST, pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid) DESC;

44. Unused indexes table | index | index_size | index_scans -------------------------+-----------------------------+------------+-------------

    public.formations | index_formations_on_user_id | 40 Gb | 30 public.resources | slack_pool_created_at_idx | 10 Gb | 40 (2 rows)

45. Migrations not null is good except in a migration

46. Proper migrations 1 becomes 3: 1. Allow nulls, set a

    default value though 2. Gradually backfill old data 3. Add your constraint

47. Large scale

48. Index creation CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY ... roughly 2-3x slower Doesn’t

    lock table

49. Connection pooling Application/Framework layer Stand alone daemon

50. Pooler options pgBouncer pgpool

51. Scaling cache

52. Scaling cache

53. Offload read traffic to a replica

54. Replication slony londiste bucardo pgpool wal-e barman

55. Replication slony londiste bucardo pgpool wal-e/wal-g barman

56. Sharding • Split up large tables • Split up data

    by customer • 1 database per customer • 1 schema per customer • Shard within your application

57. Sharding • Scalable options • Split out large tables •

    Multi-tenant application level sharding

58. Citus

59. Citus

60. Logical backup pg_dump can be human readable, is portable

61. Physical backup The bytes on disk Base backup

62. Logical Good across architectures Good for portability Has load on

    DB Works < 50 GB More initial setup Less portability Limited load on system Use above 50 GB Physical

63. Recap

64. Small • Leverage datatypes, it’s not a dumb hash •

    Test your backups • Take time to

65. Medium • Tune Postgres well • Watch cache hit ratio

    • Be generous with indexes

66. Large • Move away from pg_dump • Setup connection pooling

    • If you need to shard, invest in the right way or use a tool to help

67. Thanks! Questions?