Deep Carbon Observatory 2015

This is a review of the findings and accomplishments of the Deep Carbon Observatory in 2015.

The Deep Carbon Observatory is a ten-year quest to:
• Discover the quantities, movements, forms, and origins of Earth’s
deep carbon
• Probe the secrets of volcanoes and diamonds, sources of natural
gas, and life’s deep limits and origins
• Report the known, unknown, and unknowable aspects of deep
carbon science in 2019

Transcript

1. Deep Carbon Observatory 2015 deepcarbon.net
2. Mission The Deep Carbon Observatory is a ten-year quest to discover the quantities, movements, origins, and forms of Earth’s deep carbon; to probe the secrets of volcanoes and diamonds, sources of natural gas, and life’s deep limits and origins; and to report the known, unknown, and unknowable aspects of deep carbon science in 2019
3. Why Deep Carbon? •  Carbon is the element of life •  Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy •  Carbon-bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in climate change •  Previous work has focused on oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments •  The interior may contain >90% of Earth’s carbon but our knowledge of the deep interior is limited •  We do not know the nature of deep carbon reservoirs. We do not know how carbon moves from one deep repository to another. •  We are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass
4. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview •  A 10-year project launched in September 2009 •  Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Foster international cooperation •  Engage over 1,000 researchers from 40 countries •  Published over 600 papers in peer-reviewed journals •  Four DCO Science Communities •  Vibrant network of DCO Early Career Scientists •  Crosscutting activities •  Seed major funding for deep carbon research
5. DCO Organizational Structure Executive Committee Scientific Steering Committees •  Extreme Physics and Chemistry •  Reservoirs and Fluxes •  Deep Life •  Deep Energy Secretariat Data Science Team Engagement Team Modeling and Visualization (est. 2015) Task Force 2020 (est. 2015) Synthesis Group 2019 (proposed 2016)
6. Midterm Scientific Report of the Deep Carbon Observatory •  Released December 2014 •  Cites 105 publications, including 29 papers in Nature, Science, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, indicating novel results of broad interest beyond traditional scientific disciplines •  Highlights Early Career Scientists, DCO workshops, Earth materials discoveries, instrumentation, global field studies, and scientific drilling •  Opportunities for the next five years
7. 2nd DCO Early Career Scientist Workshop •  45 early career scientists from 18 countries and 37 institutions •  University of the Azores on the island of São Miguel, Azores •  31 August - 5 September 2015 •  Classroom sessions and field trips to geologically active locations •  Built on success of 1st DCO Early Career Scientist Workshop in Costa Rica ü  Early  Career  Scien-sts   ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on  
8. 2nd DCO Summer School •  Will accept 35 graduate students and early career researchers •  Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming •  23 - 28 July 2016 •  Classroom instruction and field trips into Yellowstone National Park •  Builds on success of 1st DCO Summer School in 2014, which had 36 participants from 14 countries DEEP CARBON OBSERVATORY SUMMER SCHOOL 2016 Saturday, 23 July 2016 - Thursday, 28 July 2016 The Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) Summer School will introduce students and early career researchers to the interdisciplinary concepts which are the cornerstone of DCO’s approach to understanding Earth. DCO will cover participants’ lodging, meals, and field trips, as well as a portion of their transportation costs. To be eligible, applicants must be pursuing research related to a DCO theme as a current graduate student or early postdoc within three years of completing his/her PhD. To apply, visit deepcarbon.net Why is Yellowstone hot, how long has it been active, and will it erupt? How do hydrothermal fluids circulate through Earth’s crust? What is the connection to the deeper crust and mantle? How does Yellowstone connect deep carbon to the surface of Earth? What systems are involved? How do we measure them? How does life operate below the ground? How deep and how hot can life survive? How, where and when did life evolve on Earth? How does carbon degassing contribute to global CO2 ? Where is it coming from, and will it change with time? What is the source of deep energy? The summer school will explore: Rick Colwell, Oregon State University Donato Giovannelli, Rutgers University Lisa Morgan, U.S. Geological Survey Katie Pratt, University of Rhode Island Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Portland State University Pat Shanks, U.S. Geological Survey Application deadline: 1 March 2016 Organizers ü  Early  Career  Scien-sts   ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on  
9. DCO Emerging Leader Awards ü  Early  Career  Scien-sts  
10. Interactive Map of DCO Field Study Sites http://deepcarbon.net/page/field-studies-1 ü  Field  studies   ü  Scien-fic  drilling  
11. Deep Life: Chikyu Expedition 24 July 2015 349:420-424 SCIENCE Inagaki F, Hinrichs K-U, Kubo Y, Bowles MW, Heuer VB, Hong W-L, Hoshino T, Ijiri A, Imachi H, Ito M, Kaneko M, Lever MA, Lin Y-S, Methé BA, Morita S, Morono Y, Tanikawa W, Bihan M, Bowden SA, Elvert M, Glombitza C, Gross D, Harrington GJ, Hori T, Li K, Limmer D, Liu C-H, Murayama M, Ohkouchi N, Ono S, Park Y-S, Phillips SC, Prieto-Mollar X, Purkey M, Riedinger N, Sanada Y, Sauvage J, Snyder G, Susila- wati R, Takano Y, Tasumi E, Terada T, Tomaru H, Trembath-Reichert E, Wang DT, Yamada Y Exploring deep microbial life in coal-bearing sediment down to ~2.5km below the seafloor ü  Field  studies   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Instrumenta-on  
12. Deep Life: JOIDES Resolution Expedition March 2015 8:299-304 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Steven D’Hondt, Fumio Inagaki, Carlos Alvarez Zarikian, Lewis J. Abrams, Nathalie Dubois, Tim Engelhardt, Helen Evans, Timothy Ferdelman, Britta Gribsholt, Robert N. Harris, Bryce W. Hoppie, Jung-Ho Hyun, Jens Kallmeyer, Jinwook Kim, Jill E. Lynch, Claire C. McKinley, Satoshi Mitsonobu, Yuki Morono, Richard W. Murray, Robert Pockalny, Justine Sauvage, Takay Shimono, Fumito Shirashi, David C. Smith, Christopher E. Smith-Duque et al Presence of oxygen and aerobic communitise from sea floor to basement in deep-sea sediments ü  Field  studies   ü  Deep  Life  
13. Remote Sensing: OCO and DCO Collaboration Florian Schwandner, NASA/JPL, DCO DECADE The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 – Opportunities for Deep Carbon Research Opportuni-es  for  measuring  volcanic     emissions  of  CO2  from  space   ü  Field  studies   ü  Reservoirs  &  Fluxes  
14. Trail by Fire Expedition •  International team of six volcanologists with partial support from DCO •  Expedition to western South America began in November 2015 •  Measure volcanic gas emissions along the Nazca plate subduction zone •  World’s first mobile volcanic observatory includes a range of in situ sensing, direct sampling, and remote sensing techniques, including fleet of UAV quadcopters to make measurements in previously inaccessible locations •  Delta Ray spectrometer, developed by Thermo Fisher with DCO input, is making field measurements of carbon isotopes from volcanic plumes Photo credits: Trail by Fire ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on   ü  Early  Career  Scien-sts  
15. Aleutian Islands Field Expedition •  In the summer of 2015, DCO scientists conducted fieldwork along the Aleutian Arc using ship-based methods, on land exploration, and helicopter observations as part of the NSF GeoPRISMS program •  Tobias Fischer and Taryn Lopez exploited helicopter time to make direct and remote measurements of volcanic degassing at five Aleutian volcanoes •  Elizabeth Cottrell collected tephras that provide information about the volatile content of Earth’s mantle •  Terry Plank and Diana Roman explored how water in Earth’s deep mantle affects volcanism at the surface Photo  credit:  Roger  Clifford   Image credit: David Fee /Alaska Volcano Observatory / University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Instrumenta-on   ü  Field  studies  
16. 2nd DCO International Science Meeting •  More than 175 scientists from 18 countries •  Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany •  26-28 March 2015 •  47 plenary oral sessions and 119 poster presentations on all aspects of deep carbon science •  Recent discoveries by international experts in a variety of fields ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Instrumenta-on   ü  Field  studies  
17. DCO Modeling and Visualization Workshop •  Smithsonian Institution, 10–13 May 2015 •  Led to launch of small projects and DCO Modeling & Visualization Forum ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis    
18. DCO Thematic Institute •  “Carbon from the Mantle to the Surface” •  University of California, Berkley •  1-3 July 2015 •  In conjunction with Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research (CIDER) ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis    
19. DCO Workshop on Extreme Biophysics •  “Molecular Adaptation to Life at the Extremes” •  Roughly 50 participants from seven countries •  Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC •  14-15 November 2015 •  Designed to jumpstart a DCO initiative in extreme biophysics ü  Deep  Life   ü  Extreme  Physics  &  Chemistry   ü  Instrumenta-on  
20. Deep Life Community Workshop •  Pestana Palace, Lisbon, Portugal 6-10 May 2015 •  58 participants •  Oral and poster presentations on: •  Microbiology of serpentinized settings from around the world, including those in Portugal, California, Newfoundland, New Caledonia, and the Atlantis Massif. •  Upcoming expeditions with significant microbiology tasks •  Clumped methane isotopes Photo credit: Julie Huber ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on  
21. DCO Synthesis Planning Workshop •  30 participants •  University of Rhode Island, W. Alton Jones Campus, USA 29-30 October 2015 •  Two days of presentations and discussions with a view to planning DCO’s synthesis portfolio of products and activities •  Organized by Marie Edmonds (University of Cambridge, UK) and the DCO Engagement Team •  Funded by the DCO Secretariat ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis    
22. 2015 Goldschmidt Conference – Prague, CZ •  16-21 August 2015, 25th Anniversary of Goldschmidt Conference •  Prague Congress Centre, Czech Republic •  Strong Deep Carbon Observatory community presence with 25 DCO-related sessions, 2 od 4 plenary talks, and dozens of DCO talks and posters •  DCO Executive Committee meeting of opportunity ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on  
23. DCO Executive Committee Meeting - Oman •  27-29 January 2015, meetings in Muscat, Oman •  25-26 January 2015, field visits to Samail Ophiolite, which is the focus of the Oman Drilling Project, sponsored by the International Continental Drilling Program, DCO, and other organizations ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Field  studies  
24. DCO Executive Committee Meeting - Italy •  Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome; 8-9 October 2015 •  More than 50 scientists from over 25 Italian institutions participated •  Increase collaboration with Italian scientific community •  Field visits to explore diffuse degassing of CO2 ; 6-7 October 2015 ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Field  studies   ü  Instrumenta-on  
25. Diamonds & Mantle Geodynamics of Carbon Highly Saline Fluids from a Subducting Slab as the Source for Fluid- Rich Diamonds Yaakov Weiss, John McNeill, D. Graham Pearson, Geoff M. Nowell, and Chris J. Ottley 20 AUGUST 2015 NATURE
26. Diamonds & Mantle Geodynamics of Carbon 7 January 2016 529:76-79 NATURE Andrew R. Thomson, Michael J. Walter, Simon C. Kohn, and Richard A. Brooker Slab melting as a barrier to deep carbon subduction
27. Diamonds & Mantle Geodynamics of Carbon 11 January 2016 AOP NATURE GEOSCIENCE Katie A. Smart, Sebastian Tappe, Richard A. Stern, Susan J. Webb, and Lewis Ashwal Early Archaean tectonics and mantle redox recorded in Witwatersrand diamonds
28. Extreme Physics & Chemistry 3 November 2015 6:8702 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Dimitri A. Sverjensky and Fang Huang Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid-rock interactions News  ar-cle:     How  buried  water  makes  diamonds  and  oil   Eric  Hand,  Science,  6  November  2015  
29. Extreme Physics & Chemistry 18 February 2015 6:6311 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Eglantine Boulard, Ding Pan, Giulia Galli, Zhenxian Liu, Wendy Mao Tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates in Earth’s lower mantle.
30. Extreme Physics & Chemistry 29 June 2015 8:633-636 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Stefano Poli Carbon mobilized at shallow depths in subduction zones by carbonatitic liquids.
31. Reservoirs & Fluxes June 2015 Early Edition PNAS Peter B. Kelemen and Craig E. Manning Reevaluating carbon fluxes in subduction zones, what goes down, mostly comes up
32. Reservoirs & Fluxes In press. Available online. JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH P. Allarda, A. Aiuppa, P. Bani, N. Métrich, A. Bertagnini, P.-J. Gauthier, H. Shinohara, G. Sawyer, F. Parello, E. Bagnato, B. Pelletier, E. Garaebiti Prodigious emission rates and magma degassing budget of major, trace and radioactive volatile species from Ambrym basaltic volcano, Vanuatu island Arc
33. Reservoirs & Fluxes 18 January 2016 AOP NATURE GEOSCIENCE Hyunwoo Lee, James D. Muirhead, Tobias P. Fischer, Cynthia J. Ebinger, Simon A. Kettenhorn, Zachary D. Sharp, and Gladys Kianji Massive and prolonged deep carbon emissions associated with continental rifting
34. Reservoirs & Fluxes 15 September 2015 426:246-258 EARTH AND PLENTARY SCIENCE LETTERS Jonathan Burley and Richard Katz Variations in mid-ocean ridge CO2 emissions driven by glaciers
35. Reservoirs & Fluxes 24 August 2015 8:755-758 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Diane T. Wetzel, Erik H. Hauri, Alberto E. Saal, and Malcolm J. Rutherford Carbon content and degassing history of the lunar volcanic glasses.
36. Deep Energy Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Tullis C. Onstott, Georges Lacrampe-Couloume, Christopher J. Ballentine The contribution of the Precambrian continental lithosphere to global H2 production 18 December 2014 516:379-382 NATURE
37. Deep Life / Deep Energy 17 July 2015 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00725 FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY Riikka Kietäväinen and Lotta Purkamo The origin, source, and cycling of methane in deep crystalline rock biosphere
38. Deep Life 31 March 2015 112:4015-4020 PNAS S. Emil Ruff, Jennifer F. Biddle, Andreas P. Teske, Katrin Knittel, Antje Boetius, Alban Ramette Global dispersion and local diversification of the methane seep microbiome
39. Deep Life 24 November 2015 6:8952 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Gaetan Borgonie, Borja Linage-Alvarez, Elizabeth Ojo, Scott O.C. Mundle, Brenda Freese, C. Van Rooyen, O. Kuloyo, J. Albertyn, C. Pohl, E.D. Cason, J. Vermeulen, C. Pienaar, D. Litthauer, H. Van Niekerk, J. Van Eeden, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, T.C. Onstott, and Esta Van Heerden Eukaryotic opportunists dominate the deep-subsurface biosphere in South Africa
40. Deep Life / Extreme Physics & Chemistry November 2015 112:14518-14321 PNAS Elizabeth A. Bell, Patrick Boehnke, T. Mark Harrison, and Wendy L. Mao Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon
41. Panorama and the Panorama team P. A. Freedman, Designer; D. Rumble and E. D. Young, co-PI’s Nu Instruments Ltd. Factory, Wrexham, Wales 5-November-2014 Next generation instrumentation is needed to achieve DCO goals
42. Pressurized Underwater Sample Handler (PUSH50) •  DCO supported custom development of 50 mL PUSH50 to facilitate high- pressure biological/geochemical research and to promote collaboration among researchers •  High-pressure microbial sampling and experiments had been limited by expense, expertise, and lack of standardized equipment •  PUSH50 has capability to sample and transport biological samples under constant pressure and is certified for airline transport •  Will be available for community use after testing is complete
43. Instrumentation - Laser Isotope Ratio-meter •  Portable CO2 isotope analysis instrument optimized for geochemistry/volcanology •  Developed with partial DCO support by Damien Weidmann, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK •  Successful 2015 volcanic field test campaign to measure 13CO2 /12CO2 ratio from a fumarole in situ and in real time •  First product of new company: Mirico Ltd. Sampling a fumarole at Solfatara, Naples, Italy Laser Isotope Ratio-meter (LIR) installed in a car
44. Instrumentation: Clumped Isotopes DCO  is  simultaneously  pursuing   two  radically  different  approaches   for  measuring  clumped  isotopes  in   methane  and  other  gases:     •  Mass  spectrometry   •  Caltech/Thermo  Fisher   •  UCLA/Carnegie/Nu   Instruments     •  Absorp-on  spectroscopy     •  MIT     Data  from  these  instruments  is   enabling  DCO  to  achieve  a  major   decadal  goal  regarding  methane   forma-on  temperatures,  sources,   and  provenance.   Caltech,  MIT,  UCLA  (clockwise  from  top  leX)  
45. Clumped Isotopes: Absorption Spectroscopy 24 April 2015 348:428-431 SCIENCE David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Lucy C. Stewart, James F. Holden, Alexander N. Hristov, John W. Pohlman, Penny L. Morrill, Martin Könneke, Kyle B. Delwiche, Eoghan P. Reeves, Chelsea N. Sutcliffe, Daniel J. Ritter, Jeffrey Seewald, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Harold F. Hemond, Michael D. Kubo, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Shuhei Ono Nonequilibrium clumped isotope signals in microbial methane.
46. Clumped Isotopes: Mass Spectrometry 24 April 2015 348:431-434 SCIENCE Laurence Yeung, Jeanine Ash, Edward Young Biological signatures in clumped isotopes of O2
47. Publication Perspective by B. Passey, Biogeochemical tales told by isotope clumps 24 April 2015 348:394-395 SCIENCE
48. Program debuted 13 January 2016 on PBS Television (US) and is available online. DCO’s Robert Hazen Featured in NOVA's Life's Rocky Start ü  Integra-on  &  synthesis   ü  Field  studies   ü  Engagement  
49. Major new theme: Mineral ecology & evolution Hazen et al. publications Earth’s “missing” minerals Hazen RM, Hystad G, Downs RT, Golden J, Pires A, Grew ES (2015) American Mineralogist Earth’s mineralogy unique in the cosmos: Mineral ecology: Chance and necessity in the mineral diversity of terrestrial planet Hazen RM, Grew ES, Downs RT, Golden J, Hystad G (2015) Canadian Mineralogist Mineral frequency distribution data conform to a LNRE model: Prediction of Earth’s “missing” minerals Hystad G, Downs RT, Hazen RM (2015) Mathematical Geosciences 47:647-661 Statistical analysis of mineral diversity and distribution: Earth’s mineralogy is unique Hystad G, Downs RT, Grew ES, Hazen RM (2015) Earth & Planetary Science Letters 426:154-157 Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon Hazen RM, Hummer DR, Hystad G, Downs RT, Golden JJ (2016) American Mineralogist, in press.
50. A worldwide hunt for new carbon minerals mineralchallenge.net DEEP CARBON OBSERVATORY deepcarbon.net @deepcarb #DCOChallenge
51. Sponsors •  Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  UK Natural Environment Research Council •  Russian Ministry of Science and Education •  European Research Council •  European Commission’s Marie Sklodowska Curie Research Program •  US National Science Foundation •  US Department of Energy •  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada •  Canadian Space Agency •  Canada Research Chairs Program •  Conseil Régional d’Ile de France •  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft •  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science •  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, & Technology of Japan •  Chinese Academy of Sciences •  International Continental Scientific Drilling Program •  International Ocean Discovery Program •  Many other organizations