Ideality factor (vs CT state) in organic solar cells

Which information can be gained from the ideality factor in organic solar cells (here, model system P3HT:PCBM) and measurement of the charge transfer states by sensitive external quantum efficiency; both vs temperature. In short, many open questions remain...

1. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM E-MRS Spring Meeting · 21st June 2018 · deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Clemens Göhler and Carsten Deibel Optik und Photonik kondensierter Materie Institut für Physik Technische Universität Chemnitz Ideality factor (vs CT state)
 in organic solar cells
2. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Outline ideality factor connection… charge transfer state
3. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de What makes a solar cell „real“? • real solar cell • additional resistors • described by a modified Shockley equation:
4. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Extracting ideality from dark j(V) • exponential slope of ideal Shockley equation • P3HT:PCBM (1:0.8) 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 current density [mA/cm2 ] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 voltage [V] 175 K 200 K 225 K 250 K 275 K 298 K j(V ) = j0 exp ✓ eV nidkT ◆ <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit>
5. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Extracting ideality from dark j(V) • exponential slope of ideal Shockley equation 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 current density [mA/cm2 ] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 voltage [V] 175 K 200 K 225 K 250 K 275 K 298 K 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 ideality factor 300 275 250 225 200 175 temperature [K] from exponential slope 
 • Did we forget to account for Rs?!
6. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • measure under open & short circuit conditions • or show Voc(light intensity) Avoid the series resistor 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 ideality factor 300 275 250 225 200 175 temperature [K] from exponential slope w/o series resistor - Voc (jsc ) w/o series resistor - Voc (G) Temperature independent nid of unity would mean Gaussian DOS
7. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Meyer-Neldel approach j0(V ) = j00 exp ✓ EA nidkT ◆ <latexit sha1_base64="OOJZ/JnzPl7YmoPVfMFrPIGKy5E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="OOJZ/JnzPl7YmoPVfMFrPIGKy5E=">AAADcHicjVJLb9NAEJ7EPNrySssFiQMLEVKK1GiNkNoLUnkUcUEqUpNWaipr19m42zi2td4UipW/wq/hCnf+BmcOfLvYCKh4rLXe2Zlvvvk8HlmkurScf261gwsXL11eWl65cvXa9Rud1bVhmc9NrAZxnubmQIpSpTpTA6ttqg4Ko8RMpmpfTp+5+P6pMqXOsz17VqijmUgyPdGxsHBFna2TiPeG6+wxO4kqzhdspN4Wo1RNbI9tjCZGxNVO9GRRZVGlx4vpHgBGJ8d2Pep0eZ/7xc4bYW10qV67+WqrQyMaU04xzWlGijKysFMSVOI5pJA4FfAdUQWfgaV9XNGCVpA7B0oBIeCd4p3gdlh7M9wdZ+mzY1RJsQ0yGd3HfuEZJdCuqoJd4vyK/c77kj9WqDyzU3iGU4Jx2TO+gt/SMRD/ypzVyEbL/2RKZDV46b9mDCuBboVnCrvR42Il7m/QLcfKwNlk/Iz5WwctTWjLd06jF4X3uJ7GPzQ8R8T4yi7CaMcjE3BIfz9FjQznAPXcH20YmO+u0y78qTxLVjMK8BmvWzs9mKnw9wk6bwwf9kPeD18/6m4/radriW7TPephgjZpm17SLnTE9J4+0Ef61P4S3AruBHe/Q9utOucm/bKCB98A7eO12w==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="OOJZ/JnzPl7YmoPVfMFrPIGKy5E=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="OOJZ/JnzPl7YmoPVfMFrPIGKy5E=">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</latexit> j(V ) = j0 exp ✓ eV nidkT ◆ <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit> <latexit 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sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">AAADa3icjVLbbtNAEJ3EQC/cUvoGPKyIKqUvkQ1I5QWp4iZekIrUpJWaKtp1Ju42jm2tN4Vi5UP4Gl7hE/gI/oAHzi42Aioua613dubMmePxqCLVpQ3Dz612cOnylZXVtfWr167fuNnZuDUs84WJeRDnaW4OlSw51RkPrLYpHxaG5VylfKBmT1384IxNqfNs354XfDyXSaanOpYWrnHnwWlvuC0ei9NxFS7FiN8Wo5SntidGUyPjiofLKhtXerKc7SNsdHJit8edbtgP/RIXjag2ulSvvXyj1aERTSinmBY0J6aMLOyUJJV4jiiikAr4jqmCz8DSPs60pHXkLoBiICS8M7wT3I5qb4a74yx9dowqKbZBpqAt7BeeUQHtqjLsEudX7Hfel/yxQuWZncJznAqMa57xFfyWToD4V+a8RjZa/idTIavBK/81E1gJdDOeGexGj4uVuL9BtxyrAGeT8TPmbx20NKVHvnMavSi8x/U0/qHhGSLGV3YRQc89MgGH8vcz1MhwDlDP/dGGQfjuOu3Sn+xZsppRgs943drpwUxFv0/QRWN4vx+F/ej1w+7uk3q6VukO3aMeJmiHdukl7UFHTO/pA32kT+0vwWZwO7j7Hdpu1Tmb9MsKtr4B1wS0kw==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="VWEMfaqUJbAGzB75xgBCpyLZOiM=">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</latexit> where c.f. K. Tvingstedt & CD, AEM 6 ,1502230 (2016) • here, nid is assumed to be 
 temperature independent • effective bandgap 0.85 eV (T → 0 K)
8. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Outline ideality factor connection… charge transfer state
9. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • CT energy from EQE only CT state characteristics EQE / exp ⇣ (Ect+ E)2 4 kT ⌘ E p 4 kT <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> Vandewal et al., PRB 81, 12 (2010) A E λ λ C. Göhler et al, Adv. Electron. Mater. 1700505 (2018)
10. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • CT energy from EQE only CT state characteristics EQE / exp ⇣ (Ect+ E)2 4 kT ⌘ E p 4 kT <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">AAADpnicjVJdT9RAFL2lqIAfLProy4SNyRLDpiUk+kiAGl80kLAsCcV12p0tk+22dTqLQNN/6Yt/xfjgmbElIvFjmunce+69557eTlSkstSe99VZcBfv3X+wtLzy8NHjJ6udtafHZT5XsRjEeZqrk4iXIpWZGGipU3FSKMFnUSqG0XTPxIcXQpUyz470VSHOZjzJ5ETGXAMadbJQi0tdBYdBzcJC5YXOWThRPK5CcVmwMBUT3WObDdYLRlWs65dhig5jvhlsfNiqq+3GZdMjkCiZnOuNugpYWH5S+la0HnW6Xt+zi901/MboUrMO8jWnQyGNKaeY5jQjQRlp2ClxKvGckk8eFcDOqAKmYEkbF1TTCmrnyBLI4ECneCfwThs0g284S1sdo0uKrVDJ6AX2G8sYIdt0FbBLnN+xry2W/LFDZZmNwiucERiXLeM74JrOkfGvylmT2Wr5n8oIVW1+ZL9mDCuBboFnCrvVY2Il/M+YlmFl4Gwrfs352wQ1Tei1nZzELAqLmJnGNxr2EVG2s4kwCmxmAo7I+hfokeEcoJ/5oy0Ds9M12rk9hWXJGkYOPmV1S6MHd8r//QbdNY63+r7X9w+3uzu7ze1aoue0Tj3coFe0Q2/pADpi+kLfHNdZdHvue3fgDn+mLjhNzTO6tdyPPwBtUsmT</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="aAQkJl9adIjhXuYdX+tW3S0oUNs=">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</latexit> 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Ect [eV] 300 275 250 225 200 175 temperature [K] 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 λ [eV] • effective bandgap 0.95 eV (T → 0 K)
11. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • CT energy from EQE only CT state characteristics EQE / exp ⇣ (Ect+ E)2 2( 2+2 kT ) ⌘ E p 2 + 2 kT <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> σ = 117 meV, λ = 56 meV Burke et al., AEM 1500123 (2015)
12. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • CT energy from EQE only CT state characteristics EQE / exp ⇣ (Ect+ E)2 2( 2+2 kT ) ⌘ E p 2 + 2 kT <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">AAADu3icjVLbbtNAEB3XXNpyaQovIF5WREiJqkaOhURfkCrAiBekVmraSnUbrZ2Nu8S3rjelxfITX8kn8A88cHZxEFBua613dubMmePxRGUqK+15n5wl99r1GzeXV1Zv3b5zd62zfm+/KuYqFqO4SAt1GPFKpDIXIy11Kg5LJXgWpeIgmr008YNzoSpZ5Hv6shTHGU9yOZUx13CNOx9DLS50HewGDQtLVZS6YOFU8bgOxUXJwlRMdY9ttr5eMK5j3WyEKSpM+GbQP/Gb2u+FlUwyfuJv+G2Ezfb6IFQyOdX9pg5YWJ0pXf8O1zTjTtcbeHaxq8awNbrUrp1i3elQSBMqKKY5ZSQoJw07JU4VniMakkclfMdUw6dgSRsX1NAqcudACSA4vDO8E9yOWm+Ou+GsbHaMKim2QiajJ9ivLWMEtKkqYFc4v2B/sL7kjxVqy2wUXuKMwLhiGd/Cr+kUiH9lZi1yoeV/MiNkLfCR/ZoJrAS6BZ4Z7IUeE6twf49uGVYGzkXGj5i/dVDTlLZs5yR6UVqP6Wn8XcMrRJStbCKMAotMwBHZ+zlq5DhHqGf+6IKB2e4a7dyewrLkLSMHn7K6pdGDmRr+OkFXjX1/MPQGw92n3e0X7XQt0yN6TD1M0DPapje0Ax0xfXbWnAfOQ/e5G7vv3PQbdMlpc+7TT8udfwUgH9A1</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="a/any/zj7WDxtqlgB8yWVKS9gfs=">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</latexit> σ = 117 meV, λ = 56 meV
13. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • exponential (Urbach) tail
 
 
 
 
 EU = 30 meV The classical perspective / exp ✓ E EU ◆
14. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • from excitation • exponential Urbach tail
 EU = 30 meV • from ideality factor The classical perspective 1 nid = 1 2 + kT 2EU <latexit sha1_base64="+zKqFamn6p1wygNSryb8hdAD/jI=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="+zKqFamn6p1wygNSryb8hdAD/jI=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="+zKqFamn6p1wygNSryb8hdAD/jI=">AAADaHicjVJda9RAFD27qdrWr1QfRPoSugiCsCRF0BehqBVfhArdttCWZSY7mw6bTcIkW6khf8Nf46v9D/0L/gYfPDMmRS1+TJjMvefee+7Jzcgi1WUVhhe9vrd07fqN5ZXVm7du37nrr93bK/OFidUoztPcHEhRqlRnalTpKlUHhVFiLlO1L2evbHz/VJlS59ludVao47lIMj3VsagIjf3waGpEXEdNnY1rPWma4EVwCW02wZPWm+3S3R6PmrE/CIehW8FVI2qNAdq1k6/1fBxhghwxFphDIUNFO4VAyecQEUIUxI5REzO0tIsrNFhl7YJZihmC6IzvhN5hi2b0LWfpqmN2SbkNKwM84n7jGCWzbVdFu+T5jfujw5I/dqgds1V4xlOSccUxviNe4YQZ/6qct5mdlv+plKzq8qX7mgmthLoVnxntTo+NlfQ/cFqWNSBnV/Fzzt8mWGGK525ymrMoHGJnGl9qeM2IcZ1tJMC2y0zIIZ1/yh4ZzxH72T/aMQRuula7cKdyLFnLKMhnnG5t9fBORb/foKvG3uYwCofR+6eDrZft7VrGOjbwmDfoGbbwFjvUEeMTPuMLzvtfPd974D38kdrvtTX38cvyNr4DnMCz1w==</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="+zKqFamn6p1wygNSryb8hdAD/jI=">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</latexit> C. van Berkel et al, J Appl Phys 73, 10 (1993) K. Tvingstedt & CD, AEM 6 ,1502230 (2016) 40 35 30 25 20 15 EU [meV] 300 275 250 225 200 175 temperature [K] EU from nid EU from EQE
15. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de • Thermally stimulated current measurements of P3HT:PCBM • exponential tail 
 ≈ 55 meV,
 a factor of two higher than CT & ideality By the way… 6 8 1020 2 4 6 8 1021 2 4 6 8 1022 trap density [m-3 ] 400 300 200 100 activation energy [meV] P3HT:PC61 BM PC61 BM P3HT exp. tail fit T3 T2 T1 A. Foertig et al, PRB 86, 115302 (2012) EU ~ 55meV
16. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Connection… difficult CT characteristics • effective gap 0.95 eV (T → 0 K) • Gaussian disorder σ ≈ 117 meV • reorganisation energy λ ≈ 56 meV • (or exponential tail of 30 meV…) ideality factor nid from jsc(Voc) between 1.1 & 1.2 • almost temperature independent • effective gap 0.85 eV (T → 0 K) • (exponential tail of 20…35 meV 
 ↯ TSC 55 meV)
17. www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OPKM E-MRS Spring Meeting · 19th June 2018 · deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de Acknowledgments … and thank you! Kristofer Tvingstedt Clemens Göhler ↓