DC MSCA D-II December 2011 Seminar MSCA D-II December 2011 Seminar Neuroimmune Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Mechanisms of the Subluxation the Subluxation Complex Complex
I stand before you with no conflicts of interest. conflicts of interest. I make my living the way I make my living the way you do, by lightening the you do, by lightening the burden of human suffering burden of human suffering with chiropractic. with chiropractic. I have nothing to sell to I have nothing to sell to you, so relax and enjoy you, so relax and enjoy yourself and your time with yourself and your time with your peers. your peers. Dr. Andrew S. Bonci Chiropractor
Science In spite of being found "vehemently suspect of heresy" by the medieval Church for his theory of heliocentrism, he held fast to the belief that science and philosophy were compatible and very necessary bed partners.
evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and integrate the following: 1. The neuroscience underlying neurogenic inflammation, antidromic vasodilation, tachykinin release and pathophysiologic end-organ changes. 2. The immunology underlying neuronal monoamine oxidation, lymph node denervation and loss of immune competence. 3. The neuroimmune characteristics of connective tissue and its influence on nerve function. 4. Contextualize these understandings into the philosophy, art and science of chiropractic and nutritional recommendations.
the moment you believe your education is over. You cannot teach after you stop learning. No allegiance is paid to inefficiency. No matter who you are or what you do ... doctor, lawyer or merchant … your guidance will be deserted, your counsel avoided and your wares rejected in the face of better brains or brands." James Firth, DC Chiropractic Symptomatology. 1914
overlapping mechanism of action that can be identified. … a review of the pharmacological mechanisms of action of Pepcid can help in our understanding of chiropractic. … deductive reasoning can serve as our methodology in this pursuit.
is the study of philosophy; that is to say, the study of intelligence, laws, causes, effects, rules, theories, functions and other abstractions. It is to gain a knowledge of the group of principles underlying the science. Stephenson RW. Chiropractic Text Book. Freshman Text. 1927. Video
know something about the material and structure of the body, it is advisable for him to study the materials in order to understand the actions of structures in function; to better understand the effects of causes, and to trace to causes from the effects. Stephenson RW. Chiropractic Text Book Freshman Text. 1927.
overlapping mechanism of action that can be identified. … a review of the pharmacological mechanisms of action of Pepcid can help in our understanding of chiropractic. … deductive reasoning can serve as our methodology in this pursuit.
drugs called histamine-2 blockers. It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. http://www.drugs.com/pepcid.html
or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cells found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECL_cell
Ach or acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. These fibers derive through the Vagus Nerve (CN X) Acetylcholine PARIETAL cell ACh receptor HCl secretion
Vagal motor fibers synapse to the Enterochromaffin-like cells and Parietal cells. histamine- secreting cell Acetylcholine PARIETAL cell histamine receptor ACh receptor HCl secretion ECL cell
Postganglionic Cholinergic System Sympathetic • Preganglionic Cholinergic System • Postganglionic Adrenergic System (predominantly) The Autonomic System is defined based on its motor function. It is visceromotor ONLY. Its function is derived from the postganglionic neurotransmitter/end-organ interaction.
histamine- secreting cell Acetylcholine PARIETAL cell histamine receptor ACh receptor HCl secretion ECL cell NE or norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter of the postganglionic sympathetic fibers. These fibers are derived through the Celiac Plexus.
mucosal cells and nerve terminals contain ... substance P ... These data are consistent with the hypothesis that substantial neurohormonal modulation of ECL cell function exists. Sandor A, et. al. Gastroenterology. 1996 Apr;110(4):1084-92.
this case, sensory fibers carried by the splanchnic nerves can indirectly trigger the release of protons from the parietal cells. This is a significant piece of the chiropractic puzzle. Sensory-Effector Trigger
reflexes in producing inflammation was recognized in the early 1900s. Nevertheless, neurogenic inflammation captured the interest of the international scientific community only during the 1980s. Neurogenic inflammation CRC press; 1996: page 33
Looking over our immense vertebral collection […] we find caries limited, as a rule, to the bodies and articular processes. The laminae, transverse and spinous processes are rarely affected. Various reasons have been assigned by various authors […] until I discovered that heat was produced by nerves. Excessive heat softens bone, producing caries. Articular and intervertebral cartilages become fibrillated, disintegrated, and the adjacent parts of the bodies affected by caries.
due to histamine) 2.Flare-spreading redness extending beyond the red line(due to axon reflex) 3.Wheal-Swelling/localized edema in the region of the redline(increased capillary permeability due to histamine) Sir Thomas Lewis Circa 1927
increasing molecular vibration. An excess of heat disturbs circulation, innervation and the cellular process of metabolism.” DD Palmer. Chiropractor's Adjuster. 1910; page 26.
lumbosacral dorsal roots of the rat • evokes a long-lasting increase in cutaneous microcirculation of the paw and • induces plasma extravasation in the innervated skin areas and various pelvic organs. This local neuroregulatory mechanism mediates neurogenic inflammation, cutaneous vasodilatation ... Szolcsányi J. Agents Actions. 1988 Feb;23(1-2):4-11.
no references to neurogenic inflammation or its synonyms among the subject indexes of published works on inflammatory processes. Neurogenic inflammation CRC press; 1996: page 33
receptor terminals fails to evoke any response in the fiber, yet the nociceptive threshold to mechanical and chemical stimuli is decreased.” Pitchford S., Levine JD. Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors in cell culture. Neuroscience letters 1991; 132:105-108.
and the Sensory-Effector System To The CNS Release of Substance Release of Substance -P & other -P & other tachykinins from free tachykinins from free nerve Ending. nerve Ending. DRG Irritation results in DRG Irritation results in both orthodromic AND both orthodromic AND antidromic impulse propagation. antidromic impulse propagation. "Axon Reflex" The orthodromic orthodromic impulse is "reflexively" converted into an antidromic antidromic impulse at the level of the axon. This is accomplished without spinal cord assistance. Nociceptive, Nociceptive, Orthodromic Orthodromic Input Input Orthodromic Orthodromic Antidromic Tissue Mast Cell Tissue Mast Cell Stimulation with Stimulation with resultant release of resultant release of histamine, heparin histamine, heparin and proteases. and proteases.
#4: Immune Cell Infiltration: Immune Cell Infiltration: Neutrophils & Macrophages Neutrophils & Macrophages Robbins Patolog Robbins Patologí ía Humana ed 8: a Humana ed 8: Cap Capí ítulo tulo 2: 2: Inflamaci Inflamació ón n Aguda Aguda y y Cr Cró ónica. nica. (2008; pp 33-61) (2008; pp 33-61)
is the condition of a vertebra that has lost its proper juxtaposition with the one above or the one below, or both; to an extent less than a luxation; which impinges nerves and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses.
Chiropractic Research www.uppercervicalsubluxation.com Journal of Pediatric, Maternal & Family Health – Chiropractic www.chiropracticpediatricresearch.com Journal of Philosophy, Principles & Practice of Chiropractic www.chiropracticdialogues.com Subscribe to Today! McCoy Press: McCoy Press: Health Research, News, Commentary & Resources Health Research, News, Commentary & Resources Subluxation Subluxation is is Spoken Here Spoken Here
from the involved connective tissue matrix to the local neurovascular tissues. #3: #3: Neuronal inflammation produces end-organ changes attributable to 1) neurogenic inflammation of the sensory-effector system; and 2) sympathetic lymph node denervation. #1: #1: Articular distortion places a mechanical stress on the periarticular soft tissues. This takes the form of altered stresses carried by the connective tissue matrix. #4: #4: Inflammatory mediators escape the connective tissue matrix and pass into the vascular compartment to produce global neuroendocrine alterations and systemic physiological changes.
Subluxation Inflammation EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components EP 2: Biochemical Transduction • AA • PGE2 • LTB4 • TXA2 EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Inflammogens have been shown to lower the threshold of action potential. EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune infiltration magnifies and concentrates the "inflammatory soup" which exacerbates the affects. EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine infiltrate is known to provoke gene expression and profound tissue alterations. Subluxation results in a piezoelectric effect which waves across the entire mass of interconnected connective tissues. EP 1: EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components Matrix & Cellular Components
#1:Connective tissue distortion alters the mechanical load borne by the fibrous matrix with loss of normal tension integrity. #2: #2:Fluid dynamic changes as a result of pressure gradient changes alter nutrient flow and waste removal throughout the distorted connective tissue. #3: #3:Altered dipole distances between matrix fiber-salt complexes triggers a piezoelectric effect which moves throughout the entire connective tissue system. #4: #4:These and other matrix alterations often activate matrix remodeling mechanisms such as the Matrix Metalloproteinase system. #1: #1:Connective tissue distortion Connective tissue distortion alters the mechanical load borne alters the mechanical load borne by the fibrous matrix with loss of by the fibrous matrix with loss of normal tension integrity. normal tension integrity.
to hyaluronic acid, forming massive molecules massive molecules, such as aggrecans aggregate, of enormous electrochemical enormous electrochemical domains domains that attract osmotically active cations (e.g., Na+), forming hydrated molecules that provide a gel- like consistency. Gartner and Hiatt. Color Atlas of Histology 5th ed. pp. 51-56
#1:Connective tissue distortion alters the mechanical load borne by the fibrous matrix with loss of normal tension integrity. #2: #2:Fluid dynamic changes as a result of pressure gradient changes alter nutrient flow and waste removal throughout the distorted connective tissue. #3: #3:Altered dipole distances between matrix fiber-salt complexes triggers a piezoelectric effect which moves throughout the entire connective tissue system. #4: #4:These and other matrix alterations often activate matrix remodeling mechanisms such as the Matrix Metalloproteinase system. #2: #2: Fluid dynamic changes, as Fluid dynamic changes, as a result of pressure gradient a result of pressure gradient Changes, alter nutrient flow and Changes, alter nutrient flow and waste removal throughout the waste removal throughout the distorted connective tissue. distorted connective tissue.
alteration in fluid dynamics. The connective tissue can trap toxins, cellular metabolites and inflammatory by- products. Gartner and Hiatt. Color Atlas of Histology 5th ed. pp. 51-56
#1:Connective tissue distortion alters the mechanical load borne by the fibrous matrix with loss of normal tension integrity. #2: #2:Fluid dynamic changes as a result of pressure gradient changes alter nutrient flow and waste removal throughout the distorted connective tissue. #3: #3:Altered dipole distances between matrix fiber-salt complexes triggers a piezoelectric effect which moves throughout the entire connective tissue system. #4: #4:These and other matrix alterations often activate matrix remodeling mechanisms such as the Matrix Metalloproteinase system. #3: #3: Altered dipole distances Altered dipole distances Between matrix fiber-salt Between matrix fiber-salt complexes trigger a piezoelectric complexes trigger a piezoelectric effect which moves throughout the effect which moves throughout the Entire connective tissue system. Entire connective tissue system.
closely related to the occurrence of electric dipole moments electric dipole moments in solids. Of decisive importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of polarization change of polarization when applying a mechanical stress. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity
orientation orientation of molecular dipoles in its structure. Potentials are thought to occur when a number of collagen molecules are stressed in the same way displacing displacing significant numbers of the charge carriers charge carriers from the inside to the surface of the specimen. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity These same piezoelectric effects These same piezoelectric effects are seen with the are seen with the proteoglycan aggregate as well. proteoglycan aggregate as well.
highly regular regular arrays arrays. These arrays of connective tissue fibers are associated with “enormous electrochemical enormous electrochemical domains domains.” The name for a highly regular array of charge bearing molecules is a crystal crystal regardless if it is solid or liquid. Church. The Genie in Your Genes. p. 146.
molecules, GAGs and an assortment of ions produces an organic organic or biological biological semiconductor semiconductor. A semiconductor is a material that has an electrical conductivity between between that of a conductor conductor and an insulator insulator. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor
those of other semiconductor materials. These include: • To conduct and store energy energy • To conduct and filter information information • To amplify and attenuate signals signals In a sense, the connective tissue matrix is an information processor information processor. • It connects connects the extracellular matrix to the nuclear matrix electrostatically electrostatically as well as mechanically mechanically.
filled or intoxicated matrix will alter normal alter normal semiconductor physiology. Electrochemical signal bias is introduced bias is introduced that has the potential to disrupt potential to disrupt cellular, subcellular and genomic components. The results include a variety of neuro-endocrine- neuro-endocrine- immune immune effects.
#1:Connective tissue distortion alters the mechanical load borne by the fibrous matrix with loss of normal tension integrity. #2: #2:Fluid dynamic changes as a result of pressure gradient changes alter nutrient flow and waste removal throughout the distorted connective tissue. #3: #3:Altered dipole distances between matrix fiber-salt complexes triggers a piezoelectric effect which moves throughout the entire connective tissue system. #4: #4:These and other matrix alterations often activate matrix remodeling mechanisms such as the Matrix Metalloproteinase system. #4: #4: These and other matrix These and other matrix alterations often activate matrix alterations often activate matrix remodeling mechanisms such as remodeling mechanisms such as the Matrix Metalloproteinase the Matrix Metalloproteinase System. System.
in the ECM with the release of Matrix Matrix Metalloproteinases Metalloproteinases. . These are secreted in These are secreted in an inactive form. an inactive form. They are activated by They are activated by a variety of ROS. a variety of ROS.
isoforms and are designed to breakdown damaged breakdown damaged and aging matrix proteins. This process has a high mineral co-factor mineral co-factor demand demand such as zinc.
have a broad, non-specific destructive effect destructive effect. This process has a high mineral co-factor mineral co-factor demand demand such as zinc, copper, magnesium and manganese. Remember, ROS activate the Remember, ROS activate the matrix metalloproteinases matrix metalloproteinases released by the fibroblasts released by the fibroblasts which weakens the which weakens the connective tissues connective tissues
oxypurine produced from xanthine by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, and is an intermediate product of purine metabolism. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 9 (3): 195–205. When compared to other antioxidants, UA has the highest concentration of any in the blood and provides about half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 14 (6): 615–31. Self W T , Stadtman T C PNAS 2000;97:7208-7213
serum uric acid concentration seemed associated with elevated total serum antioxidant capacity among individuals with atherosclerosis. This finding is consistent with experimental evidence suggesting that hyperuricemia may be a compensatory mechanism to counteract oxidative damage related to atherosclerosis and aging in humans. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jan;148(1):131-9
unlike conventional antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and glutathione, it is both produced in the human body and is acquired in the diet (fruits, vegetables, cereals and herbs etc., contain melatonin). Journal of Pineal Research 42 (1): 28–42. Melatonin easily crosses cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 44 (4): 175– 200. Unlike other antioxidants, melatonin does not undergo redox cycling.
Subluxation Inflammation EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components EP 2: Biochemical Transduction • AA • PGE2 • LTB4 • TXA2 EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Inflammogens have been shown to lower the threshold of action potential. EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune infiltration magnifies and concentrates the "inflammatory soup" which exacerbates the affects. EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine infiltrate is known to provoke gene expression and profound tissue alterations. Subluxation results in a piezoelectric effect which waves across the entire mass of interconnected connective tissues. EP 2: EP 2: Biochemical Biochemical Transduction Transduction
#1:Cell membrane distortion activates the Ca2+ enzyme PLA2 which liberates Arachidonic Acid (AA) from the phospholipid bilayer. #2: #2:The proinflammatory AA is then transformed into a variety of (series 2) inflammatory eicosanoids. #3: #3:Cyclooygenase (COX) transforms AA into prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). #4: #4: 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) transforms AA into Leukotriene B4 (LTB4). #5: #5:Thromboxane Synthase (TBXA) transforms AA into TXA2. Oxygenases Generate ROS with Oxygenases Generate ROS with the Activation of the Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases Matrix Metalloproteinases
#1:Cell membrane distortion activates the Ca2+ enzyme PLA2 which liberates Arachidonic Acid (AA) from the phospholipid bilayer. #2: #2:The proinflammatory AA is then transformed into a variety of (series 2) inflammatory eicosanoids. #3: #3:Cyclooygenase (COX) transforms AA into prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). #4: #4: 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) transforms AA into Leukotriene B4 (LTB4). #5: #5:Thromboxane Synthase (TBXA) transforms AA into TXA2. Nutritional Intervention: Nutritional Intervention: #1: PLA2 inhibited by Quercetin #1: PLA2 inhibited by Quercetin #3: COX inhibited by Turmeric/Ginger #3: COX inhibited by Turmeric/Ginger #4: 5-LO inhibited by Turmeric/Ginger #4: 5-LO inhibited by Turmeric/Ginger #5: TBXA inhibited by Boswellia #5: TBXA inhibited by Boswellia
#1: #1: Cellular damage and distortion of tissue resident mast cells results in the release of stored vesicle compounds and other intracellular electrolytes. #2: #2:Potassium [K+] moves to the extracellular compartments where it serves as a powerful algogen. #3: #3:Histamine acts as a powerful vasodilator. #4: #4: Heparin acts as a powerful anticoagulant. #5: #5:Proteinases act to restructure matrix components to facilitate removal and repair of damaged structures #6: #6:Cytokine release to augment the immune cell populations.
Subluxation Inflammation EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components EP 2: Biochemical Transduction • AA • PGE2 • LTB4 • TXA2 EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Inflammogens have been shown to lower the threshold of action potential. EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune infiltration magnifies and concentrates the "inflammatory soup" which exacerbates the affects. EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine infiltrate is known to provoke gene expression and profound tissue alterations. Subluxation results in a piezoelectric effect which waves across the entire mass of interconnected connective tissues. EP 3: EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Action Potential Facilitation
Facilitation Series-2 Eicosanoids effect the following transformation of neuronal fibers: • Organizes/Concentrates Sodium Channels • Demyelination of Axonal Fibers • Enhances the Release of Substance-P Cytokines such as Interleukin-1 enhances the production of Series-2 Eicosanoids as well as Tachykinin production such as Substance-P.
sheath, intracellular vacuolization (IC edema), and decreased extracellular space, was found in the PLA2-exposed nerve root 3 days after injection of PLA2.” Chen C, et al. Effects of phospholipase A2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function. Spine 1997; 2(10): 1057-1064.
associated with a reorganization of the macromolecular structure of the axonal membrane and a redistribution of sodium ion channels along the demyelinated axolemma.” Chen C, et al. Effects of phospholipase A2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function. Spine 1997; 2(10): 1057-1064.
the first time, that prostaglandins indeed act directly to sensitize nociceptors.” Pitchford S., Levine JD. Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors in cell culture. Neuroscience letters 1991; 132:105-108.
Subluxation Inflammation EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components EP 2: Biochemical Transduction • AA • PGE2 • LTB4 • TXA2 EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Inflammogens have been shown to lower the threshold of action potential. EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune infiltration magnifies and concentrates the "inflammatory soup" which exacerbates the affects. EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine infiltrate is known to provoke gene expression and profound tissue alterations. Subluxation results in a piezoelectric effect which waves across the entire mass of interconnected connective tissues. EP 4: EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune Infiltration
cell with the release of histamine. Histamine provokes vasodilation. Redness, edema and extravasation of immune cells emerges from the vasodilation. SP SP Emergent Immune Infiltration of Connective Tissue The main cellular infiltrates The main cellular infiltrates #1 Neurtophils-Acute #1 Neurtophils-Acute #2 Macrophages-Acute #2 Macrophages-Acute #3 Lymphocytes-Chronic #3 Lymphocytes-Chronic
Subluxation Inflammation EP 1: Mechanical Distortion Matrix & Cellular Components EP 2: Biochemical Transduction • AA • PGE2 • LTB4 • TXA2 EP 3: Action Potential Facilitation Inflammogens have been shown to lower the threshold of action potential. EP 4: Immune Infiltration Immune infiltration magnifies and concentrates the "inflammatory soup" which exacerbates the affects. EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine infiltrate is known to provoke gene expression and profound tissue alterations. Subluxation results in a piezoelectric effect which waves across the entire mass of interconnected connective tissues. EP 5: EP 5: Cytokine Production Cytokine Production
Anorexia Somnolence Somnolence Cytokines Cytokines released from released from SI Joint with SI Joint with Chiropractic Chiropractic Adjustment Adjustment provokes the 3 provokes the 3 classic sick classic sick behaviors behaviors
Sensory-Effector Response: Sensory-Effector Response: Antidromic release of tachykinins through nociceptor afferents drives Neurogenic Inflammation and en-organ transformation and dis-ease. Motor Response: Motor Response: Lowered threshold on somatic and autonomic motor nerves facilitates somatic muscle spasms, sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent responses, end- organ changes and dis-ease. Series-2 Series-2 Eicosanoids Eicosanoids Series-2 Series-2 Eicosanoids Eicosanoids Cytokines Cytokines Cytokines Cytokines
with the vasculature in the hilar region and continued with the vasculature into the medullary region. Fine, delicate varicosities and small vascular plexuses continue into the cortical and paracortical regions surrounding the germinal centers; some varicosities ended among lymphocytes. A subcapsular plexus contributed fibers into the cortical and paracortical regions. Brain Res Bull. 1984 Dec;13(6):693-9.
associate with lymphocytes and macrophages in specific compartments of the splenic white pulp. J Neurosci Res. 1987;18(1):28-36, 118-21. “Sympathetic noradrenergic “Sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers [ … ] nerve fibers [ … ] richly innervate richly innervate the splenic white pulp.” the splenic white pulp.”
both the vasculature and parenchymal regions of lymph nodes, and may participate in the modulation of immune responses in these organs. Brain Res Bull. 1984 Dec;13(6):693-9.
Action Potential Facilitation EP 2: Norepinephrine Hypercycling EP 3: Monoamine Oxidation EP 4: Neuronal Free- Radical Formation EP 5: Lymph Node Denervation EP 2: EP 2: Norepinephrine Hypercycling Norepinephrine Hypercycling
Action Potential Facilitation EP 2: Norepinephrine Hypercycling EP 3: Monoamine Oxidation EP 4: Neuronal Free- Radical Formation EP 5: Lymph Node Denervation EP 3: EP 3: Monoamine Oxidation Monoamine Oxidation
monoamines. Oxygen is used to remove an amine group from a molecule, resulting in the corresponding aldehyde and ammonia. Chemical Rxns: • Epinephrine or norepinephrine to 3,4- Dihydroxymandelic acid • Metanephrine or normetanephrine to vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Altogether, these findings show that, in a normal cell environment, MAO can be a source of reactive oxygen species which could have a functional impact on cell functions. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 May;359(5):428-31.
of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Aug 1;33(3):337-49. CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1987;22(2):111-80. SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids. Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Aug-Oct;26(4-5):340-52.
that can be copper, zinc, manganese or iron. In humans, the copper/zinc SOD is present in the cytosol, while manganese SOD is present in the mitochondrion. CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1987;22(2):111-80. There also exists a third form of SOD in extracellular fluids, which contains copper and zinc in its active sites. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;37(12):2466-71.
hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, using either an iron or manganese cofactor. Cell Mol Life Sci 61 (2): 192–208. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 72 (1): 19–66. This protein is localized to peroxisomes in most eukaryotic cells. Free Radic Biol Med 13 (5): 557–80.
the sympathetic nerve terminals are mediated via the formation of NE- derived oxygen free radicals. Preservation of the neuronal NE reuptake mechanism is functionally important … Circulation. 2000 Jul 4;102(1):96-103.
such as macrophages and Langerhan's cells become accentuated. This can lead to magnified antigen harvesting. T-Cells T-Lymphocyte activity becomes depressed. This may lead to disorders such as atopic dermatitis as well as fungal and viral infections. Natural Killer activity and other cell mediated immune function is impaired. B-Cells B-Lymphocyte activity is accentuated. There is an enhanced release of learned antibody response which includes autoantibodies. MAO MAO Generated Generated ROS ROS Lymph Node Lymph Node Denervation Denervation
that the peripheral sympathetic nervous system influences the migration and accumulation in vivo of both naive and memory/effector lymphocytes in mucosal lymphoid tissues. Gonzalez-Ariki S. The role of sympathetic innervation of the gut in regulating mucosal immune responses. Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Mar;12(1):53-63.
of NA [noradrenergic] innervation alters cellular proliferation and lymphocyte migration in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Madden KS. Sympathetic nervous system modulation of the immune system. II. Induction of lymphocyte proliferation and migration in vivo by chemical sympathectomy. J Neuroimmunol. 1994 Jan;49(1-2):67- 75.
T cell activity in vivo and in vitro. Overall, these results indicate the SNS plays a role in generation of cell-mediated immunity. Madden KS. Sympathetic neural modulation of the immune system. I. Depression of T cell immunity in vivo and vitro following chemical sympathectomy. Brain Behav Immun. 1989 Mar;3(1):72-89.
there is much that may be said; more than is given in any other text book on physiology. This [is] because Chiropractic deals with “life” that has not been dealt with by scientists of the past or any other scientific teaching of the present. HARRY E. VEDDER, D. C., Ph. C. A TEXT BOOK ON CHIROPRACTIC PHYSIOLOGY FIFTH EDITION COPYRIGHT, 1922
No matter where you read it, or who said it, even if I have read it, or who said it, even if I have said it, unless it agrees with your own said it, unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense.” reason and your own common sense.” Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama The Buddha The Buddha
how to do the things that every chiropractor must do, scientifically and skillfully; such as, analysis, palpation and adjusting. All of these require skill as well as mental work. Stephenson RW. Chiropractic Text Book Freshman Text. 1927.
The Best Prevention Primary Prevention: Concerned with preventing the development of disease in a susceptible or potentially susceptible population. Adjusting subluxations prevents the development of dis-ease. Secondary Prevention: Involves early diagnosis and prompt therapy to shorten the duration of illness, its severity and limit its sequelae. Detecting and adjusting subluxations removes a potent risk factor for dis- ease. Tertiary Prevention: Is important in limiting the degree of disability and promoting rehabilitation in chronic and irreversible dis- ease. Adjusting subluxations help to prevent progressive disabilities. Risk Factor: In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Risk factors or determinants are correlational and not necessarily causal, because correlation does not imply causation.
Risk Factor Defined: Factors in the environment, or chemical , psychological, or physiological, that are thought to predispose an individual to the development of a disease. Since subluxation predisposes an individual to dis-ease, then it can be thought of as a risk factor for dis-ease. Neurogenic Inflammation: Causes infiltration that drives end- organ transformation through macrophage activation. Sympathetic-Lymph Node Denervation: Causes immune dysregulation with systems wide influences. Removing the subluxation through chiropractic adjustments reduces the potential for dis-ease. This occurs when inflammatory fluids produced by mechanical distortion are "flushed" out of the intervertebral foramen thus reducing neurogenic inflammation and removing the forces driving lymph node denervation. Therefore, adjusting subluxation and normalizing function reduces the potential for dis-ease.
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