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[Akamai Edge 2015] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

[Akamai Edge 2015] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

HTTP/2 (H2) is coming, and along with it a whole new way of communicating over the web. Connection re-use, prioritization, multiplexing, and server push are just some of the features in H2.

In this talk we'll look at the HTTP/2 protocol, and at how we can use asynchronous request now with HTTP/1.x. We will also look at what asychronous requests and H2 mean for your API and clients in the future.

Davey Shafik

October 20, 2015
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  1. H T T P/ 2 A N D A SY

    N C H R O N O U S A P I S
  2. R F C 7 5 4 0 H Y P

    E RT E XT T R A N S F E R P R OTO CO L V E RS I O N 2
  3. R F C 7 5 4 1 H PA C

    K - H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N FO R H T T P/ 2
  4. C R E AT E D BY I E T

    F H T T P W O R K I N G G R O U P C H A I R E D BY A K A M A I ' S M A R K N OT T I N G H A M
  5. –J O H N N Y A P P L

    E S E E D CC-BY: 1991 1996 1999 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 2015 HTTP/2 2009 SPDY
  6. B R O W S E R S U P

    P O RT • Chrome + Chrome Mobile • Firefox • IE 11 on Windows 10 • MS Edge • Safari (El Capitan/iOS 9) • Opera
  7. B I N A R Y I N ST E

    A D O F T E XT CC-BY:
  8. F U L LY M U LT I P L

    E X E D CC-BY: I N S T E A D O F O R D E R E D A N D B L O C K I N G
  9. C A N US E O N E CO N

    N E CT I O N 
 FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS CC-BY: Alosh Bennett
  10. US E S H E A D E R CO

    M P R E SS I O N CC-BY-SA: R E D U C E S O V E R H E A D
  11. S E R V E R P U S H

    I S S U P E R CO O L ( N O R E A L LY ) CC-BY-SA:
  12. S E R V E R P U S H

    • Allows the server to proactively push assets like stylesheets and images to the client without them needing to parse the HTML page and make subsequent requests • Done by pushing the assets into the client cache, avoiding the roundtrip necessary to pull them up once the client makes the request
  13. W H AT D O E S H T T

    P/ 2 M E A N F O R M Y A P P L I C AT I O N ?
  14. T R A N S PA R E N T

    CC-BY-SA: H A N D L E D B Y N G I N X / A PA C H E
  15. H T T P/ 1 . X S U C

    K S CC-BY: Flóra Soós
  16. H T T P/ 1 . X S U C

    K S • Minify + Concat JavaScript and CSS • Inlining small JavaScript and CSS • Using image sprites • Using data: URIs • Domain sharding
  17. T H E S E T H I N G

    S A R E A L L " C L E V E R " H AC K S CC-BY: Matt Biddulph
  18. R E M E M B E R T H

    I S ? CC-BY: C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N 
 FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS
  19. U P LO A D I N G M U

    LT I P L E I M A G E S CC-BY:
  20. S E R I A L U P LO A

    D S Ȑ  
  21. S E R I A L U P LO A

    D S Ȑ   
  22. F E TC H I N G A B LO

    G P O ST + CO M M E N TS CC-BY:
  23. Ȑ

  24. Ȑ

  25. { "type": "post", "id": "1", "title": "JSON API paints my

    bikeshed!", "tags": ["json", "api", "relationships"], "author": "http://example.com/posts/1/author", "comments": "http://example.com/posts/1/comments" }
  26. Ȑ

  27. Ȑ

  28. Ȑ

  29. Ȑ

  30. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3
  31. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1
  32. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2
  33. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json
  34. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json
  35. M U LT I P L E X E D

    Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json
  36. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  37. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  38. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  39. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  40. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  41. H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H

    R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, HTTP_VERSION_2_0); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  42. H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H

    R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, HTTP_VERSION_2_0); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }
  43. 6 2 . 1 9 
 s e co n

    d s CC-BY-NC:
  44. $mh = curl_multi_init();
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0;

    $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T
  45. $mh = curl_multi_init();
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0;

    $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T
  46. $mh = curl_multi_init();
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0;

    $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T
  47. $mh = curl_multi_init();
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0;

    $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T
  48. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N

    CU R R E N T ( CO N T. ) do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) { $ready = curl_multi_select($mh); if ($ready != -1) { do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
 } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); } }
  49. $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests;

    $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D $mh = curl_multi_init();
  50. $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests;

    $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D curl_multi_setopt($mh,
 CURLMOPT_PIPELINING, CURLPIPE_MULTIPLEX ); $mh = curl_multi_init();
  51. H T T P/ 2 : CO N CU R

    R E N T ( CO N T. ) do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) { $ready = curl_multi_select($mh); if ($ready != -1) { do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
 } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); } }
  52. H T T P/ 2 N E G OT I

    AT I O N CC-BY-ND:
  53. P R OTO CO L I D E N T

    I F I E RS • h2 — HTTP/2 over TLS, negotiated via ALPN (Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation) • h2c — HTTP/2 over TCP (plain text), uses an HTTP/1.1 request with a 101 Switching Protocols status response if supported
  54. – W I K I P E D I A

    /A P P L I C AT I O N - L AY E R _ P R OTO CO L _ N E G OT I AT I O N Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension for application layer protocol negotiation. ALPN allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol should be performed over a secure connection in a manner which avoids additional round trips and which is independent of the application layer protocols. It is used by HTTP/2. […] On July 11, 2014, ALPN was published as RFC 7301
  55. H 2 C U P G R A D E

    N E G OT I AT I O N > GET / HTTP/1.1 > Host: server.example.com > Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings > Upgrade: h2c > HTTP2-Settings: <base64url SETTINGS payload> < HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols < Connection: Upgrade < Upgrade: h2c < < [ HTTP/2 connection ...
  56. H 2 C U P G R A D E

    N E G OT I AT I O N ( CO N T. ) • May be an OPTIONS request if concurrency of multiple requests is important • May be any request type (e.g. PUT/POST/GET/HEAD/DELETE) but any body must be sent in it's entirety before HTTP/2 can start • A server must ignore an "h2" token in an Upgrade header field. Presence of a token with "h2" implies HTTP/2 over TLS, which is instead negotiated via TLS-ALPN • It must include a settings payload with the initial request
  57. A L L B R O W S E RS

    R E Q U I R E T LS FO R H T T P/ 2 CC-BY: Jason Baker
  58. D I R E CT CO N N E CT

    W I T H H T T P/ 2
  59. P R I O R K N O W L

    E D G E • It is possible to set up a connection with HTTP/1.1 or ALPN negotiation when prior knowledge of HTTP/2 is known • Performance enhancement • Client/Server must send the HTTP/2 connection prefix • Not supported in curl yet
  60. Ȑ

  61. Ȑ

  62. Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comment/1/author GET

    /post/1/comment/2/author GET /post/1/comment/3/author GET /post/1/comment/4/author GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1
  63. Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comment/1/author GET

    /post/1/comment/2/author GET /post/1/comment/3/author GET /post/1/comment/4/author GET /post/1/comment/1/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/2/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/3/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/4/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1
  64. CSS /J S M I N I F I C

    AT I O N I S U N E C E SS A R Y CC-BY: G Z I P CO M P R E SS I O N + M U LT I P L E X I N G + S E R V E R P US H
  65. H E A D E RS : H PA C

    K • Uses a table of known values as an index • Can represent a header name and value (e.g. :status: 404), or just a header name (e.g. accept:) • Values are either statically encoded, or use a static Huffman code
  66. # Name Value 1 :authority 2 :method GET 3 :method

    POST 4 :path / 5 :path /index.html 6 :scheme http 7 :scheme https 8 :status 200 9 :status 204 10 :status 206 11 :status 304 12 :status 400 13 :status 404 14 :status 500 15 accept-charset
  67. F R A M E S • Messages are composed

    of multiple frames, e.g. headers, data, and settings • Each frame has a common header • 9 byte, length prefixed • Easy & efficient to parse • Frames can be interleaved — this is multiplexing
  68. F R A M E S POST /search HTTP/1.1 Host:

    example.org Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 58 {
 "keywords":"example",
 "location":"posts"
 } HEADERS
 frame Data
 frame } }
  69. ST R E A M S • Each request/response is

    a stream • Streams are comprised of Frames • Streams may have a weight (1-256) • Streams may have a dependency
  70. ST R E A M W E I G H

    TS Stream A Weight: 1 Stream B Weight: 2 Stream C Weight: 3 2X Stream A 1.5X Stream B
 3X Stream A
  71. ST R E A M D E P E N

    D E N C I E S Stream A Stream B Depends: A Stream C Depends: B Delivered after A Delivered after B
  72. A KA M A I { O P E N

    } E D G E G R I D F O R P H P
  73. G U ZZ L E S U P P O

    RT • Some support • Doesn’t handle lack of http2 support in libcurl • Doesn’t handle multiplexing • Untested (but should be OK, as libcurl itself is tested) • Details: http://daveyshafik.com/guzzle-http2
  74. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); }
  75. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); }
  76. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); }
  77. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i)); } $results = Promise\unwrap($promises);
  78. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i)); } $results = Promise\unwrap($promises);
  79. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N

    C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i)); } $results = Promise\unwrap($promises);
  80. use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(

    for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); } H T T P/ 2 . 0 : SY N C H R O N O US );
  81. use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(

    for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); } ['version' => 2] H T T P/ 2 . 0 : SY N C H R O N O US );
  82. H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I

    P L E X E D use GuzzleHttp\Client; 
 $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
 $client = new Client(['version' => 2]); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i)); } $results = Promise\unwrap($promises);
  83. H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N

    CU R R E N T U P LOA D S use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler; use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication; $stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create(); 
 $handler = new AuthHandler();
 $handler->setSigner( (new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName) ); $client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([ 'handler' => $stack ]);
  84. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  85. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  86. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  87. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  88. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  89. H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I

    P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( P O S S I B L E A P I ) use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler; use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication; $stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create(); 
 $handler = new AuthHandler();
 $handler->setSigner( (new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName) ); $client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([ 'handler' => $stack, 
 'version' => 2 ]);
  90. H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I

    P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( P O S S I B L E A P I ) use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler; use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication; $stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create(); 
 $handler = new AuthHandler();
 $handler->setSigner( (new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName) ); $client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([ 'handler' => $stack, 
 'version' => 2 ]);
  91. $url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";
 foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName =

    Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(
 sprintf($url, $filename), 
 [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }
 $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )
  92. H U G E P E R FO R M

    A N C E W I N S
  93. H T T P / 2 I S A W

    E S O M E ! CC-BY-SA: