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Cracking the Coding Interview 6th Edition

GDP Labs
August 19, 2019

Cracking the Coding Interview 6th Edition

GDP Labs

August 19, 2019
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  1. CRACKING
    Get prepared for your next dev interview!
    1
    THE CODING INTERVIEW

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  2. 150+
    people
    WHAT WE DO
    ● Help Sister Companies
    ● Incubate Startups
    ● Constantly Learning
    Founded June 2012
    Continuous
    Learning
    Hard Work Sharing
    Software Engineer
    Product Manager
    System Engineer
    UX Designer
    Data Scientist
    Data Analyst
    JKT
    BDG
    JOG
    SBY
    DPS
    International
    & national
    99 Competitions
    255

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  3. Group
    Lunch
    Steve Jobs
    Day
    Sharing
    Continuous
    Learning
    Team
    Building

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  4. MACHINE
    LEARNING

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  5. z Empowering SME*
    Improving HR
    * Small and medium enterprises
    Affordable • Simple • Integrated
    https://catapa.com

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  6. 20+ people and growing
    - Incubate AI Startup
    - Apply AI Tech
    - Keep Up with AI Tech

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  7. CRACKING THE
    CODING INTERVIEW
    6th Edition
    185 Programming Questions & Solutions
    Gayle Laakmann McDowell
    © 2015 by CareerCup
    7

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  8. Interviews are hard!
    8

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  9. 9
    Prepare with real interview questions
    It's about developing a fresh algorithm,
    not memorizing existing problems

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  10. OUTLINE 1. The Interview Process
    2. Before the Interview
    3. The Offer and Beyond
    4. Technical Questions
    5. Interview Questions
    10

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  11. 11
    THE INTERVIEW PROCESS
    1/5

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  12. 12
    At most of the top tech companies,
    algorithm and coding problems
    form the largest component of the interview process.
    •••
    The Interview Process

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  13. The Interview Process
    1. Analytical skills
    2. Coding skills
    3. Technical knowledge / Computer Science fundamentals
    4. Experience
    5. Culture fit / Communication skills
    Assessment of your performance:
    13
    •••

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  14. •••
    The Interview Process
    1. False negatives are acceptable
    2. Problem-solving skills are valuable
    3. Basic data structure and algorithm knowledge is useful
    4. Whiteboards let you focus on what matters
    Why do things this way?
    14

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  15. Frequently asked questions
    1. If there's no grading system, how are you evaluated?
    How does an interviewer know what to expect of you?
    2. I didn't hear back immediately after my interview. Am I rejected?
    3. Can I re-apply to a company after getting rejected?
    15

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  16. Companies Interview
    ••
    Overview:
    1. Screening interview, typically conducted over the phone.
    2. On-site interview.
    3. After your interview, your interviewers will provide feedback in some
    form.
    4. Most companies get back after about a week with next steps. (offer,
    rejection, further interviews, or just an update on the process).
    16

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  17. Companies Interview
    ••
    17

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  18. 18
    BEFORE THE INTERVIEW
    2/5

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  19. 19
    Great experience Great CV +
    LinkedIn
    Interview
    Before The Interview

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  20. Getting the Right Experience
    20
    For current students:
    ● Take the big project classes
    ● Get an internship
    ● Become lab/teaching assistant
    ● Start something
    Two big things that companies want to see:
    that you're smart and that you can code

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  21. ● ● ● ● ●
    Preparation Map
    3 - 12 Months


    1+ Years
    1+ Years
    - Build project outside of school.
    - Expand network.
    - Find internship and take classes
    with large projects.
    3-12 Months
    - Continue to work on projects.
    - Create draft of CV.
    - Make list of prefered companies.
    - Practice interview questions.

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  22. ● ● ● ● ●
    Preparation Map
    3 - 12 Months


    1+ Years

    1 - 3 Months
    4 Weeks

    1-3 Months
    - Do mini-projects.
    - Do mock interviews.
    - Continue to practice interview
    questions.
    4 Weeks
    - Review/update CV.
    - Begin applying to companies.
    - Do another mock interview and
    continue to practice questions,
    writing code on paper.

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  23. ● ● ● ● ●
    Preparation Map
    Day before


    1 Week
    1 Week
    - Phone interview.
    - Do a final mock interview.
    - Continue to practice interview
    questions.
    Day before
    - Continue to practice questions &
    review your list of mistakes.
    3 - 12 Months


    1+ Years

    1 - 3 Months
    4 Weeks

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  24. ● ● ● ● ●
    Day before


    1 Week
    3 - 12 Months


    1+ Years

    1 - 3 Months
    4 Weeks
    ● ●
    Day of
    After

    Preparation Map
    Day Of
    - Eat a good breakfast & be on
    time.
    - Be confident (not cocky).
    - Remember to talk out loud.
    After
    - Write thank you note to recruiter.
    - If you haven’t heard from recruiter,
    check in after one week.
    - If no offer, ask why and when you
    can re-apply.

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  25. Your hard work paid off!
    Get an offer?
    Celebrate!

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  26. 26
    THE OFFER AND BEYOND
    3/5

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  27. Offer Deadlines and Extensions
    ● Usually these deadlines are couple days to couple weeks
    out.
    ● If you're still waiting to hear back from other companies,
    you can ask for an extension.
    ● Companies will usually try to accommodate this, if
    possible.
    27

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  28. ● It's in your best interest to decline the offer on good terms
    and keep a line of communication open.
    ● When you decline an offer, provide a reason that is
    non-offensive and inarguable.
    ● But, be honest and be professional!
    Declining an Offer
    28

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  29. Handling Rejection
    ● Getting rejected is unfortunate, but it doesn't mean that you're not a great
    engineer.
    ● Lots of great engineers do poorly, either because they don't "test well" on
    these sort of interviewers, or they just had an "off" day.
    ● Companies are often eager to re-interview previously rejected candidate.
    ● You can also ask for feedback from the recruiter.
    29

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  30. Evaluating the Offer
    30

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  31. On the Job
    1. Set a Timeline
    Five years later, are you still in there?
    2. Build Strong Relationships
    At work, establish strong relationships with your manager and teammates. When
    employees leave, keep in touch with them.
    3. Ask for What You Want
    Be (reasonably) frank about your goals with your manager, like “want to take on
    more back-end coding projects”
    4. Keep Interviewing
    a. Set a goal of interviewing at least once a year, even if you aren’t actively
    looking for a new job.
    b. If you get an offer, you don’t have to take it. It will still build a connection
    with that company in case you want to join at a later date.
    31

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  32. 32
    TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
    4/5

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  33. Complexity (Big O)
    Big O time is the language and metric we use
    to describe the efficiency of algorithms
    33
    Not understanding it thoroughly
    can really hurt you in developing an algorithm

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  34. Complexity (Analogy)
    Transfer file to your friend across the country
    ● Email?
    ● Plane? Car? Walk?
    Time complexity
    ● Electronic transfer: O(s)
    ● Airplane transfer: O(1)
    Note: s - size of the file
    34
    O(1)
    O(s)

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  35. Big O, Big Theta, and Big Omega
    Prints all the values in an array
    ● O (big O): upper bound on the time. O(n), O(n2), O(n3), O(2n)
    ● Ω (big omega): lower bound. Ω(n), Ω(log n), Ω(1)
    ● Θ (big theta): means both O and Ω. That is, an algorithm is Θ(n) if it is both
    O(n) and Ω(n)
    Industry's meaning of big O is closer to what academics mean by Θ.
    Best Case, Worst Case, Expected (Average) Case.
    35
    Complexity

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  36. Space Complexity
    Complexity
    int pairSumSequence(int n) {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    sum += (i + i + 1);
    }
    return sum;
    }
    Time is not the only thing that matters in an algorithm.
    We might also care about the amount of memory - or space - required
    by an algorithm.
    int sum(int n) {
    if (n <= 0) {
    return 0;
    }
    return n + sum(n - 1);
    }
    36

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  37. Complexity
    Big O allows us to express how the runtime scales.
    ● Drop the constants
    O(2N) becomes O(N)
    ● Drop the Non-Dominant Terms
    O(N2 + N) becomes O(N2).
    O(N + log N) becomes O(N).
    O(5 * 2N + 1000 * N100) becomes O(2N).
    37

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  38. Sample Question
    Complexity
    int mod(int a, int b) {
    if (b <= 0) {
    return -1;
    }
    int div = a / b;
    return a - div * b;
    }
    The following code computes a % b. What is its runtime?
    38

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  39. Walking through a problem
    Technical Questions
    39
    Pay very close attention to any
    information in the problem
    description.
    Listen
    Debug your example. Is there any
    way it’s a special case? Is it big
    enough?
    Draw an Example
    Get a brute force solution as soon
    as possible. Don’t code yet
    though!
    Brute Force
    1. Conceptual test
    2. Unusual or non-standard code
    3. Hot spots, like null nodes
    4. Small test case.
    Measure time complexity
    5. Special cases and edge cases
    Test
    Walk through you brute force
    with BUD (Bottlenecks,
    Unnecessary, Duplicated)
    optimization.
    Optimize
    Your goal is to write beautiful code.
    Modularize your code from the
    beginning and refactor to clean up
    anything that isn’t beautiful.
    Keep talking!
    Implement

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  40. Optimize & Solve Technique
    Technical Questions
    Look for BUD
    The most common things that an algorithm can waste time doing.
    Walk through your brute force looking for these things.
    When you find one of them, focus on getting rid of it.
    40

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  41. Bottlenecks
    Technical Questions
    Suppose you have a two-steps algorithm where you first sort the array
    O(n log n) and then find elements with a particular property O(n).
    Perhaps you could reduce O(n) to O(1), but would it matter?
    41

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  42. Unnecessary work
    Technical Questions
    Print all positive integer solutions to the equation
    a3 + b3 = c3 + d3, (1 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 1000)
    n = 1000
    for a from 1 to n
    for b from 1 to n
    for c from 1 to n
    for d from 1 to n
    if a3 + b3 == c3 + d3
    print a, b, c, d
    O(N4)
    n = 1000
    for a from 1 to n
    for b from 1 to n
    for c from 1 to n
    for d from 1 to n
    if a3 + b3 == c3 + d3
    print a, b, c, d
    break
    O(N4)
    n = 1000
    for a from 1 to n
    for b from 1 to n
    for c from 1 to n
    d = pow(a3 + b3 - c3, 1/3)
    if a3 + b3 == c3 + d3
    print a, b, c, d
    O(N3)
    42
    a3 + b3 - c3 = d3

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  43. Duplicated work
    Technical Questions
    The algorithm operates by essentially iterating through all (a, b) pairs
    and searching all (c, d) pairs to find if there are any matches to that (a, b) pair
    n = 1000
    for c from 1 to n
    for d from 1 to n
    result = c3 + d3
    append (c, d) to list map[result]
    for a from 1 to n
    for b from 1 to n
    result = a3 + b3
    list = map.get(result)
    for each pair in list
    print a, b, pair
    n = 1000
    for c from 1 to n
    for d from 1 to n
    result = c3 + d3
    append (c, d) to list at map[result]
    for each result, list in map
    for each pair1 in list
    for each pair2 in list
    print pair1, pair2
    43

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  44. Optimize & Solve Technique
    Technical Questions
    ● Data structure brainstorm
    ○ Number are randomly generated and stored into an (expanding)
    array. How would you keep track of the median?
    44
    ○ Probably not! Tend not to do very well with
    accessing and sorting numbers
    ○ Maybe, but you already have an array.
    Could you somehow keep the
    elements sorted?
    ○ This is possible, but how?
    ○ A heap is really good at basic ordering
    and keeping track of max and mins.

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  45. Optimize & Solve Technique
    Technical Questions
    ● Do It Yourself
    ● Simplify and generalize
    ● Base case and build
    ○ Often lead to natural recursive algorithms
    45

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  46. Handling Incorrect Answers
    1. Responses to interview questions shouldn't be thought of as correct or
    incorrect.
    2. Your performance is evaluated in comparison to other candidates.
    3. Many-possibly most-questions are too difficult to expect even a strong
    candidate to immediately spit out the optimal algorithm.
    46

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  47. When You’ve Heard a Question Before
    ● If you've heard a question before, admit this to your interviewer.
    ● Your interviewer is asking you these questions in order to evaluate your
    problem-solving skills.
    ● Additionally, your interviewer may find it highly dishonest if you don't
    reveal that you know the question.
    47

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  48. What Good Coding Looks Like
    48
    Simple
    Readable Maintainable
    Correct Efficient

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  49. Don’t give up!
    49

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  50. 50
    INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
    5/5

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  51. 51
    1. Arrays and Strings
    2. Linked Lists
    3. Stacks and Queues
    4. Tree and Graphs
    5. Bit Manipulation
    6. Math and Logic Puzzles
    7. Object Oriented Design
    8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming
    9. System Design and Scalability
    10. Sorting and Searching
    11. Testing
    12. C and C++ (Optional)
    13. Java (Optional)
    14. Databases
    15. Threads and Locks
    16. Moderate (Optional)
    17. Hard (Optional)
    What you need to know!

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  52. 52
    ● Hash Tables
    ○ Hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values for highly efficient lookup
    ● ArrayList
    ○ Fixed length
    ● Resizable Arrays
    ○ Dynamically resizable
    ● StringBuilder
    ○ StringBuilder simply creates a resizable array of the strings
    A good exercise to practice strings, arrays, and general data structures is to
    implement your own version of StringBuilder, HashTable and
    ArrayList.
    1. Arrays and Strings (Overview)
    •••

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  53. 1. Arrays and Strings (Example)
    •••
    53
    Palindrome Permutation: Given a string,
    write a function to check if it is a
    permutation of a palindrome.
    A permutation is a rearrangement of
    letters. The palindrome does not need
    to be limited to just dictionary words.
    is a word or phrase that is the
    same forwards and backwards
    gigi: ggii, gigi, giig, igig, iggi, iigg

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  54. 1. Arrays and Strings (Solution)
    •••
    54
    boolean isPermutationOfPalindrome(String phrase) {
    int countOdd = 0;
    int[] table = new int[Character.getNumericValue('z') -
    Character.getNumericValue('a') + 1];
    for (char c : phrase.toCharArray()) {
    int x = getCharNumber(c);
    if (x != -1) {
    table[x]++;
    if (table[x] % 2 == 1) {
    countOdd++;
    } else {
    countOdd--;
    }
    }
    }
    return countOdd <= 1;
    }
    g 1 1
    i 1 2
    g 2 1
    i 2 0
    s 1 1
    a 1 2
    r 1 3
    a 2 2
    s 2 1

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  55. 2. Linked Lists (Overview)
    ••••••
    55
    Unlike an array, a linked list does not provide constant time access to a
    particular index within the list. This means that if you'd like to find the K-th
    element in the list, you will need to iterate through K elements.
    The benefit of a linked list is that you can add and remove items from the
    beginning of the list in constant time.

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  56. 2. Linked Lists (Overview)
    ••••••
    56
    ● Single Linked List
    ● Double Linked List
    A good exercise to practice is to implement your own version Linked
    List (get, insert, delete)

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  57. 2. Linked Lists (Example)
    ••••••
    57
    Remove Dups: Write code to remove duplicates from an unsorted linked list.
    1 5 3
    10
    1 5 5
    10 3 1 5

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  58. 2. Linked Lists (Solution)
    ••••••
    58
    void deleteDups(LinkedListNode n) {
    HashSet set = new HashSet();
    LinkedListNode previous = null;
    while (n != null) {
    if (set.contains(n.data)) {
    previous.next = n.next;
    } else {
    set.add(n.data);
    previous = n;
    }
    n = n.next;
    }
    }

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  59. 2. Linked Lists (Example)
    59
    Follow Up
    How would you solve this problem if a temporary buffer is not allowed?
    ••••••

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  60. 2. Linked Lists (Solution)
    ••••••
    60
    void deleteDups(LinkedListNode head) {
    LinkedListNode current = head;
    while (current != null) {
    /* remove all future nodes that have the same value */
    LinkedListNode runner = current;
    while (runner.next != null) {
    if (runner.next.data == current.data) {
    runner.next = runner.next.next;
    } else {
    runner = runner.next;
    }
    }
    current = current.next;
    }
    }

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  61. 61
    Stack / Tumpukan: LIFO (Last in first out)
    It uses the operations:
    ● pop()
    ● push(item)
    ● peek()
    ● isEmpty()
    3. Stacks and Queues (Overview)
    ••••

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  62. 62
    Queue / Antrian: FIFO (First in first out)
    It uses the operations:
    ● add(item)
    ● remove()
    ● peek()
    ● isEmpty()
    3. Stacks and Queues (Overview)
    ••••

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  63. 3. Stacks and Queues (Example)
    63
    Three in one: Describe how you could use a single array to implement three
    stacks?
    ••••

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  64. 64
    1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
    1 1 2 2 3 3 3
    3 1 1 2 2 3 3 3
    3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 3
    3. Stacks and Queues (Solution)
    ••••

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  65. 4. Trees and Graphs (Overview)
    •••••
    65
    ● Binary Tree
    ● Binary Search Tree
    ● Balanced & Unbalanced Tree
    ● Complete Binary Tree
    ● Full Binary Tree
    ● Perfect Binary Tree
    ● Binary Heaps
    ● Tries (Prefix Tree)
    ● Traversal
    ○ In-Order
    ○ Pre-order
    ○ Post-Order

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  66. 4. Trees and Graphs (Overview)
    •••••
    66
    ● Represent a Graph
    ○ Adjacency List
    ○ Adjacency Matrices
    ○ Edge List
    ● Graph search
    ○ Depth-First Search
    ○ Breadth-First Search
    ○ Bidirectional Search

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  67. 4. Trees and Graphs (Example)
    •••••
    67
    Validate BST: Implement a function to check if a binary tree is a binary
    search tree

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  68. 4. Trees and Graphs (Solution)
    •••••
    68
    10
    5
    3
    0 15
    Min: -∞
    Max: +∞
    Min: -∞
    Max: 5
    Min: 5
    Max: +∞
    Min: 5
    Max: 10
    Min: 10
    Max: +∞

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  69. 4. Trees and Graphs (Solution)
    •••••
    69
    boolean checkBST(TreeNode n) {
    return checkBST(n, null, null);
    }
    boolean checkBST(TreeNode n, Integer min, Integer max) {
    if (n == null) {
    return true;
    }
    if ((min != null && n.data <= min) || (max != null && n.data > max)) {
    return false;
    }
    if (!checkBST(n.left, min, n.data) || !checkBST(n.right, n.data, max)) {
    return false;
    }
    return true;
    }

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  70. 5. Bit Manipulation (Overview)
    •••
    70
    Operators:
    ● & (AND)
    ● | (OR)
    ● ~ (NOT)
    ● ^ (XOR)
    ● >> (SHIFT RIGHT)
    ● << (SHIFT LEFT)
    10 AND 6 = 1010 & 0110 = 2
    1010
    0110
    ---- &
    0010 = 2

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  71. 5. Bit Manipulation (Example)
    •••
    71
    Debugger: Explain what the following code does:
    ((n & (n - 1)) == 0)

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  72. 5. Bit Manipulation (Solution)
    •••
    72
    ((n & (n - 1)) == 0)
    1 & 0 = 0
    2 & 1 = 0
    3 & 2 = 2
    4 & 3 = 0
    5 & 4 = 4
    6 & 5 = 4
    7 & 6 = 6
    8 & 7 = 0
    1000000000
    0111111111

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  73. 6. Math and Logic Puzzles (Overview)
    •••
    73
    ● Logical observation
    ● GCD, LCM
    ● Prime Numbers
    ○ Sieve Eratosthenes
    ● Probability
    ○ and, P(A and B) = P(B | A) P(A)
    ○ or, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
    ○ independence, P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
    ○ mutual exclusivity, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

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  74. 6. Math and Logic Puzzles (Example)
    •••
    74
    Dominos: There is an 8x8 chessboard in which two diagonally opposite
    corners have been cut off. You are given 31 dominos, and a single domino can
    cover exactly two squares. Can you use the 31 dominos to cover the entire
    board?
    Prove your answer.

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  75. 6. Math and Logic Puzzles (Solution)
    •••
    75
    30
    32
    =
    =

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  76. 7. Object-Oriented Design (Overview)
    ••••
    76
    Object oriented design questions require a candidate to sketch out the classes
    and methods to implement technical problems or real-life objects.
    You have to create elegant, maintainable object-oriented code.
    How to approach:
    1. Handle ambiguity (Ask questions to clarify)
    2. Define the core object like Table, Employee, Host, etc
    3. Analyze relationships
    4. Investigate actions

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  77. 7. Object-Oriented Design (Overview)
    ••••
    77
    ● Design Patterns
    ○ Singleton class
    ○ Factory method
    ○ Abstract factory
    ● Concepts
    ○ Object/Class
    ○ Inheritance
    ○ Interface
    ○ Polymorphism
    ● Outputs
    ○ Sequence diagram
    ○ Class diagram

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  78. 78
    Parking Lot: Design a parking lot using object-oriented principles.
    7. Object-Oriented Design (Example)
    ••••

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  79. 79
    ● Has multiple levels. Each level has multiple rows
    of spots.
    ● motorcycles, cars, and buses.
    ● motorcycle spots, compact spots, and large spots.
    ● A motorcycle can park in any spot.
    ● A car can park in either a single compact spot or a
    single large spot.
    ● A bus can park in five large spots that are
    consecutive and within the same row. It cannot
    park in small spots.
    7. Object-Oriented Design (Solution)
    ••••

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  80. 8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming (Overview)
    •••••
    80
    ● How to approach:
    ○ Bottom-Up
    ■ Solve simple case, like a list with only one element, then solve
    the problem with two elements, three, and so on.
    ○ Top-Down
    ■ Divide the problem for case N into subproblems.
    ○ Half-and-Half
    ■ Divide data set in half, and merge together.
    ● Recursive vs Iterative
    ● Memoization
    ○ Example problem: Fibonacci numbers

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  81. 8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming (Example)
    •••••
    81
    Triple Step: A child is running up a staircase with n steps and can hop either 1
    step, 2 steps, or 3 steps at a time. Implement a method to count how many
    possible ways the child can run up the stairs.

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  82. 8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming (Solution)
    •••••
    82
    82
    Illustration
    n
    n-1
    n-2
    n-3
    Step Combinations
    1 1
    2 11, 2
    3 111, 12, 21, 3
    4 1111
    121, 211, 112
    31, 22, 13

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  83. 8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming (Solution)
    •••••
    83
    int countWays(int n) {
    if (n < 0) return 0;
    if (n == 0) return 1;
    return countWays(n-1) + countWays(n-2) + countWays(n-3);
    }
    Works, but not efficient

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  84. 8. Recursion and Dynamic Programming (Overview)
    •••••
    84
    int countWays(int n) {
    int[] memo = new int[n + 1];
    Arrays.fill(memo, -1);
    return countWays(n, memo);
    }
    int countWays(int n, int[] memo) {
    if (n < 0) return 0;
    if (n == 0) return 1;
    if (memo[n] > -1) return memo[n];
    memo[n] = countWays(n-1, memo) +
    countWays(n-2, memo) +
    countWays(n-3, memo);
    return memo[n];
    }

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  85. 85
    ● Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling
    Vertical: Increasing resources of a specific node (add additional memory)
    Horizontal: Increasing the number of nodes (add additional server)
    ● Load Balancer
    ● Database Denormalization and NoSQL
    Denormalization: Adding redundant information
    NoSQL: Not support joins
    ● Database Partitioning (Sharding) - Vertical, Key-Based, Directory-Based
    ● Caching
    ● Asynchronous Processing & Queues
    ● Networking Metrics (Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency)
    ● MapReduce
    9. System Design and Scalability (Overview)
    •••

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  86. 86
    Web Crawler: If you were designing a web crawler, how would you avoid
    getting into infinite loops?
    9. System Design and Scalability (Example)
    •••

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  87. 87
    www.careercup.com/page?pid=microsoft-interview -questions vs
    www.careercup.com/page?pid=google-interview -questions
    www.careercup.com?foobar=hello vs www.careercup.com
    Estimation for degree of similarity
    9. System Design and Scalability (Solution)
    •••

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  88. 10. Sorting and Searching (Overview)
    ••••
    88
    ● Sorting
    ○ Bubble Sort
    ■ Runtime: O(N2), memory: O(1)
    ○ Selection Sort
    ■ Runtime: O(N2), memory: O(1)
    ○ Merge Sort
    ■ Runtime: O(N log N), memory: Depends
    ○ Quick Sort
    ■ Runtime: O(N log N), memory: O(log N)
    ○ Radix Sort
    ■ Runtime O(KxN)

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  89. 10. Sorting and Searching (Overview)
    ••••
    89
    ● Searching
    ○ Linear Search
    ■ Runtime: O(N)
    ○ Binary search
    ■ Precondition : sorted array
    ■ Runtime: O(N log N)

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  90. 10. Sorting and Searching (Example)
    ••••
    90
    Sorted Merge:
    You are given two sorted arrays, A and B, where A has a large enough buffer at
    the end to hold B. Write a method to merge B into A in sorted order.
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    2 3 4 6

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  91. 10. Sorting and Searching (Solution)
    ••••
    91
    void merge(int[] a, int[] b, int lastA, int lastB) {
    int indexA = lastA - 1; // Index of last element in array a
    int indexB = lastB - 1; // Index of last element in array b
    int indexMerged = lastB + lastA - 1; // end of merged array
    while (indexB >= 0) {
    if (indexA >= 0 && a[indexA] > b[indexB]) {
    a[indexMerged] = a[indexA]; // copy element
    indexA--;
    } else {
    a[indexMerged] = b[indexB]; // copy element
    indexB--;
    }
    indexMerged--; // move indices
    }
    }

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  92. 92
    ● Big picture understanding
    ○ Are you a person who understands what the software is really about?
    ● Knowing how the pieces fit together
    ○ Do you understand how software works, and how it might fit into a greater ecosystem?
    ● Organization
    ○ Do you approach the problem in a structured manner, or do you just spout off anything
    that comes to your head?
    ● Practicality
    ○ Can you actually create reasonable testing plans?
    11. Testing (Overview)
    •••

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  93. 11. Testing (Example)
    •••
    93
    Mistake: Find the mistake(s) in the following code:
    unsigned int i;
    for (i = 100; i >= 0; --i)
    printf("%d\n", i);

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  94. 11. Testing (Solution)
    •••
    94
    unsigned int i;
    for (i = 100; i > 0; --i) {
    printf("%u\n", i);
    }
    printf("0\n");

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  95. 14. Databases (Overview)
    •••
    95
    ● SQL Syntax and Variations
    ○ Explicit Join vs Implicit Join
    ● Denormalized vs Normalized Databases
    ● SQL Statements
    ○ Join vs Inner Join vs Outer Join
    ○ Group By
    ● Small Database Design
    ○ Handle ambiguity
    ○ Define the core objects
    ○ Analyze relationships
    ○ Investigate actions
    ● Large Database Design
    ○ Denormalize

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  96. 14. Databases (Example)
    •••
    96
    Multiple Apartments: Write a SQL query to get a list of tenants who are
    renting more than one apartment.
    Apartments
    AptID int
    UnitNumber varchar(10)
    BuildingID int
    AptTenants
    TenantID int
    AptID int
    Tenants
    TenantID int
    TenantName varchar(100)

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  97. 14. Databases (Solution)
    •••
    97
    SELECT TenantName
    FROM Tenants
    INNER JOIN
    (SELECT TenantID FROM AptTenants GROUP BY TenantID HAVING count(*) > 1) C
    ON Tenants.TenantID = C.TenantID

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  98. 98
    It is, however, relatively common for interviewers at any company to assess
    your general understanding of threads, particularly your understanding of
    deadlocks.
    ● Thread vs process
    ● Synchronization methods
    ● Locks
    ● Deadlocks and Deadlock Prevention
    15. Threads and Locks (Overview)
    •••

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  99. 15. Threads and Locks (Example)
    •••
    99
    Thread vs. Process: What's the difference between a thread and a process?

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  100. 15. Threads and Locks (Solution)
    •••
    100
    A process can be thought of as an instance of a program in execution. A process is
    an independent entity to which system resources (e.g., CPU time and memory) are
    allocated.
    A thread exists within a process and shares the process resources (including its heap
    space) .
    A thread is a particular execution path of a process. When one thread modifies a
    process resource, the change is immediately visible to sibling threads.

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  101. 101
    Factorial Zeros: Write an algorithm which computes the number of trailing
    zeros in N factorial (N!).
    3! = 6 → 0 trailing zero
    6! = 720 → 1 trailing zero
    12! = 479001600 → 2 trailing zeros
    16. Moderate (Example)
    ••

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  102. 102
    To count the number of zeros, we only need to count the pairs of multiples of
    5 and 2. There will always be more multiples of 2 than 5, though, so simply
    counting the number of multiples of 5 is sufficient.
    16. Moderate (Solution)
    ••

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  103. 103
    Add Without Plus: Write a function that adds two numbers.
    You must not use + or any arithmetic operators.
    17. Hard (Example)
    ••

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  104. 104
    For example to add 759 and 674:
    1. Add 759 + 674, but "forget" to carry. Get 323.
    2. Add 759 + 674 but only do the carrying, rather than the addition of each
    digit. Get 1110.
    3. Add the result of the first two operations (recursively, using the same
    process described in step 1 and 2): 323 + 1110 = 1433
    Step 1 can be done using bitwise xor operator.
    Step 2 can be done using bitwise and operator.
    Recurse until there's nothing to carry.
    17. Hard (Solution)
    ••

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  105. 105
    Let’s get prepared!

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  106. 106
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  107. 107
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