Skeleton

Transcript

1. Anatomy and physiology for exercise LO3 The structure an function of the skeleton
2. • Describe the basic functions of the skeleton • Identify the structures of the axial skeleton • Identify the structures of the appendicular skeleton • Explain the classification of bones • Explain the structure of long bones • Explain the stages of bone growth • Describe posture in terms of: • Curves of the spine • Neutral spine alignment • Potential ranges of motion of the spine • Postural deviations to include kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis and the effect of pregnancy Assessment criteria
3. The skeleton • The framework that gives the body structure • 206 bones • Bones connect to form joints • Ligaments connect bone to bone • Cartilage covers the end of the bones • Tendons attach muscle to bone
4. Functions of the skeleton Shape and support - a bony support framework Attachment - muscles, tendons and ligaments Locomotion - bones act as levers and muscles pull on bones Production - red and white blood cells Protection – different structures protect vital organs Storage - minerals, e.g. calcium
5. Activity Name the skeletal structures that protect the following: • Brain • Spinal cord • Reproductive organs • Heart and lungs
6. The skeleton Appendicular skeleton • Pelvic girdle • Shoulder girdle • Bones of the arm and legs Axial skeleton • Skull • Spine • Ribcage
7. Activity Name the major bones
8. Bones
9. Classifications of bone Classified by shape: • Long - femur • Short – carpals • Flat – scapula • Irregular – vertebrae Not classified by shape: • Sesamoid bones - small bones within tendons, e.g. the patella • Wormian or sutural bones - small bones between the joints of some cranial bones
10. Activity Name the types of bone pictured
11. Types of bones • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid
12. Activity What type of bone are each of the following? • The phalanges • The radius • The tarsals • The femur • The scapula • The knee cap • The vertebrae
14. Structure of a long bone • Periosteum – a tough, fibrous sheath covering the bone • Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone • Epiphysis – the two end sections of the bone • Diaphysis – the main shaft (length) of the bone • Metaphysis – where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis in a mature bone • Epiphyseal plates – the growth plates
15. Structure of a long bone • Endosteum – A layer of osteoblasts (and some osteoclasts) that can be found in the medullary cavity • Compact bone – the solid and strong bone tissue • Cancellous bone – the spongy bone tissue • Red marrow – Found in cancellous bone tissue • Medullary cavity – the marrow cavity • Yellow marrow - found in the medullary cavity and functions for the storage of fat
17. • Activity • Name the structures: • The fibrous tissue covering the bone • The main bone shaft • The two ends of the bone • The covering of the ends of the bone • The growth plates • The marrow found in the medullary cavity
18. • Osteoblasts- bone building cells • Osteoclasts - bone clearing cells • Ossification – the process of bone growth • Endochondral ossification – formation of bone in cartilage, e.g. most bones • Intramembranous ossification – formation of bone directly on or with the fibrous membranes, e.g. surface skull bones and clavicles • Osteoporosis – disease caused by loss of bone mass Bone formation and growth
20. Bone formation and growth
22. • Factors affecting bone growth • Age • Gender • Ethnicity • Diet and nutrition • Physical activity • Hormones • Medication • Sunlight • Vitamin D • Calcium
25. The spine
26. The spine • 33 bones • 7 cervical • 12 thoracic • 5 lumbar • 5 sacral (fused) • 4 coccygeal (fused) Cervical - 7 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral – 5 fused Coccyx 4 – tailbone
27. Regions of the spine Cervical - 7 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral – 5 Coccyx - 4
28. Posture and curves of spine • Four natural curves provide neutral alignment. • S shaped alignment. • Cervical – concave • Thoracic – convex • Lumbar – concave • Sacral – convex
29. Neutral alignment
30. Movement of the spine Cervical spine • The atlas and the axis form a pivot joint allowing rotation • The skull sits on top of the atlas bone enabling flexion, extension and lateral flexion Thoracic spine • Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation • Collectively, significant rotation Lumbar spine • Some flexion, a greater range for extension, limited rotation and limited lateral flexion Sacral and coccygeal • No movement
31. Activity Stand up and perform the movements illustrated on the slides Name the region of the spine moving Name the action
36. Postural deviations Scoliosis is a sideways curvature that can be observed from the back
37. Postural deviations
38. • Effects of pregnancy • Effects may include: • Increased lordosis – baby weight • Increased kyphosis – buggy pushing and breast feeding • Increased scoliosis – carrying baby to one side
39. • Describe the basic functions of the skeleton • Identify the structures of the axial skeleton • Identify the structures of the appendicular skeleton • Explain the classification of bones • Explain the structure of long bones • Explain the stages of bone growth • Describe posture in terms of: • Curves of the spine • Neutral spine alignment • Potential ranges of motion of the spine • Postural deviations to include kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis and the effect of pregnancy Learning check