hit of the ball. Tossing the ball imitating a JF (tossing the ball with both hands without spin) and hitting the ball giving it a spin Jump Fake Float (JFF). Second version of “fake” serve is tossing the ball with a spin imitating a JS serve, while the shot gives the ball a flight without spin Jump Fake Serve (JFS). No publications were found regarding the dangers of the serve divided into toss and spin of the shot after the shot (fake serve). In order to increase the effectiveness of the serve, the players try to surprise the opponent with the length of the ball’s flight (close-far) and use the so-called hybrids. 1 Vol.:(0123456789) Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:17286 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68262-5 www.nature.com/scientificreports The effectiveness and types of serves used in elite women’s and men’s volleyball in the 2021/2022 season Damian Pawlik 1, Gabriel Bobula 2 & Dariusz Mroczek 1* In elite volleyball, the serve takes an offensive form, aiming to directly score a point or significantly hinder the opponent from launching an attack. Which is why the research aimed to compare the type and effectiveness of the serve in the main round of Tauron and PlusLiga in the 2021/2022 season and update the current knowledge on the types of serves by function and gender. The study analysed observation consisted of 314 women’s and men’s matches. VolleyStation Pro v 1.29.5; Volleystation z o. o. Poland. Data from the main round matches that took place in the 2021/2022 season in the Polish elite league PlusLiga (182 men’s matches) and Tauron Liga (132 women’s matches) were used, and the regular season consisted of 2 rounds. The average percentage effectiveness of the serve in women was higher (E = 22%) than in men (E = 15%). In women, only 3 types were observed (JS, JF and W), as much as 86% of all the serves were JF serves. In men, as many as 5 types (JS, JF, FJS, FJF and W), of which over 67% were dynamic JS serves (jumping serve). The serve element has been modified over the years to obtain better effects conducive to winning. Ranging from increasing the speed of the serve, eliminating the serves from the spot in favor of the jump serves, to the use of serves to hide the correct hit of the ball (“Fake”—FFJ, FJS). Keywords Elite volleyball players, Serve analysis, Serve types The only action in volleyball that is entirely dependent on the player is the serve (S). The serve starts every game action. It is up to the player to toss the ball, the type, strength of the stroke and the direction of the serve1. The course of action depends on the quality of this element. The serve is the first action when a player can score2–4. In elite volleyball, the serve takes an offensive form, aiming to directly score a point or significantly hinder the opponent from launching an attack5,6. Thus, the serving team can predict the ball’s distribution by the setter faster and organize itself more effectively in the block-defense action7. Both in women’s and men’s volleyball, the importance of serving as a skill determining the status of winning and losing during the game is emphasized8–10. Depending on the game’s tactics, the opponent and the player’s individual predispositions, the serve’s goals in a given rotation are set to make it as effective as possible11. In order to increase efficiency, men have a significantly higher number of dynamic serves while jumping (JS) compared to women (52.2/69.9% vs. 16.6%)12,13. Palao et al.13 observed a lower ratio of aces to errors, which indicates that men take more risks in the serve area. In volleyball, new technical and tactical solutions are sought to increase the game’s effectiveness. In the lit- erature, the most common forms of serve are Jump Serve (JS) and Jump Float Serve (JF)14,15. You can also find very rare or non-existent serves in modern elite volleyball, for example, Asian Float Serve or Overhead Spin Power Serve. Moreover, performing such a serve at the elite level is perceived as disrespecting the opponent. An example is the underhand serve (sky serve) of a Cuban volleyball player playing in the Italian league in 2011, who officially had to apologize for performing such a serve. In order to increase the effectiveness of the serve, the players try to surprise the opponent with the length of the ball’s flight (close-far) and use the so-called hybrids. It is most often a combination of JS and JF serves. Hybrid plays can be divided according to the toss and hit of the ball. Tossing the ball imitating a JF (tossing the OPEN 1Department of Human Motoric Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Str. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland. 2Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland. *email:
[email protected] Damian Pawlik, Gabriel Bobula & Dariusz Mroczek The effectiveness and types of serves used in elite women’s and men’s volleyball in the 2021/2022 season Scientific Reports (2024) 14:17286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68262-5 つまり キム・ヨンギョン の サーブ 自 体 が “フェイク”に は 見 え な か っ た か ら？！ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ ㅟ
hq_vasis
jponch
speakerdeck
maggiecrowley
garrettdimon
philnash
lynnandtonic
wjessup
csswizardry
productmarketing
scottboms
samanthasiow
swwweet
