No More Crypto Fails

/P.PSF$SZQUP'BJMT
植➿㺙焺㷸ⰅꟌ
*OOEZ!4*5$0/

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"CPVU.F
˙ *OOEZBLB加啄
˙ $5'1MBZFS
˙ 1ZUIPOHVZ
˙ "NBUFVSTFDVSJUZSFTFBSDIFS
˙ 'PPMTUBDLFOHJOFFSBU4IBSFMJLF

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㖈鸏㜥怵闍⚥
˙ ➝稲管焺꧹廔⸈㺙僽➊랃
˙ 雊㣐㹻㼩倴植➿㺙焺㷸涸䥰欽剤♧㹁玑䏞涸澗鍑
˙ 䌢鋅涸㺙焺㷸ꐫ铐莅㉏겗

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㥶卓⡹濼麥
˙ #BTF
˙ 3BJOCPX5BCMF
˙ 1#,%' TDSZQU CDSZQU BSHPOⰦ⚥⛓♧
˙ #MPDL$JQIFS
˙ 13/(
˙ 1BEEJOH0SBDMF

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须俲㋲⡙
˙ ♧⦐✳鹎⡙侸㶶珖⡲♧⦐⡙⯋ CJU

˙
˙ Ⰽ⦐⼧Ⱉ鹎⡙侸㶶珖⡲♧⦐⡙⯋穉 CZUF

˙ _Y_Y''
5

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9PS
˙ 9PS僽♧珏齅鱀麌皿
˙ ?
˙ ?
˙ ?
˙ ?
˙ 湱ず捀湱殯捀
6

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9PS
˙ Ⰽ⦐侸㶶⨞YPS麌皿儘
˙ ⟃✳鹎⡙⢵溏鷷⦐CJU⨞麌皿
˙ 玑䒭⚥䌢欽?痘贫侸㷸♳䌢欽ͩ
˙ ?

?

7

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俒㶶6OJDPEF管焺
㺙 Y#$ &"'
㶶 6OJDPEF 65'管焺

8

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➊랃♶僽⸈㺙
˙ ♶僽雊匌銯溏饱⢵♶♧垺㽠僽⸈㺙 &ODSZQU

˙ Ⰽ珏⫹僽⸈㺙涸匌銯
˙ 管焺 &ODPEF

˙ ꧹廔 )BTI

9

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管焺 &ODPEF

˙ ⫄鱒麕玑〫⯈鏪暶㹁涸㶶⯋꧌ $IBSTFU

˙ ⢿㥶傍劍涸&NBJM〫⯈鏪秫"4$**
˙ &NBJM酭꬗剤㕬晚䧴Ⱖ➮꣡⟝䙦랃鳵
˙ 䪾须俲欽厥珏倰䒭管焺䧭"4$**㶶⯋꧌
10

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管焺 &ODPEF

˙ )FY⼧Ⱉ鹎⡙管焺
˙ "#$̔FF
˙ CBTF
˙ "#$̔26+%.5*[/"
˙ Ⱖ➮刿㢵涸管焺锞溏笞㛇涰猰
11

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#BTF
˙ ⟃CZUFT"4$**⢵邍爚CZUFT须俲
˙ 䨾⟃须俲넓琎剚隶㣐⦔
˙ 嫦⦐CBTF㶶⯋⺫わCJUT涸须俲
˙ 籏Ⱏ剤⦐"4$**㶶⯋"; B[ 
˙ 㥶卓须俲♶僽涸⦔侸⵱꨾銴⢪欽㞅⯏
12

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管焺 &ODPEF

˙ 䭭⢵չ⸈㺙պ僈滚➃♧溏㽠濼麥
˙ 㺙焺涸㉏겗䧮⦛瘞瘞ⱄ锓
13

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꧹廔 )BTI

˙ 䪾⟤䠑Ꟁ䏞涸须俲㠺簮䧭㔿㹁Ꟁ䏞涸须俲
˙ 鱒ⴀ须俲➿邍鱒Ⰵ涸䶰銴EJHFTU
˙ ず垺涸鱒Ⰵ剚䖤ⵌ♧垺涸穡卓
˙ ♶ず涸IBTI⧩邍爚鱒Ⰵ须俲♶ず
14

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꧹廔 )BTI

# Python
def my_hash(data):
return sum(bytearray(data.encode())) % 256
// C
int my_hash(char *data, size_t len) {
int i, H = 0;
for(i = 0; i < len; i++)
H = (H + data[i]) % 256;
return H;
}
15

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꧹廔 )BTI

• my_hash("Hash") == 132
• my_hash("Inndy") == 2
• my_hash("SITCON") == 208
• my_hash("SITCON2017") == 154
16

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꧹廔涸欽鸁
˙ ꧹廔邍 )BTI5BCMF
须俲穡圓
˙ 焷⥃须俲㸤侮䚍
˙ ♴鯺㣐墂呪增叆IBTI⢵焷㹁墂呪尝剤䴦㡏
˙ 侸⡙砞畎
˙ 笪畀盘椚㆞ㄤ㹐剪鿪濼麥⡹涸㺙焺
˙ ⥃㶸⢪欽罏涸㺙焺儘䥰鑪⥃㶸㺙焺涸꧹廔⧩
17

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䌢鋅涸꧹廔
˙ $3$
˙ .%
˙ 4)"
˙ 4)"
18

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꧹廔莅㸞
˙ ꧹廔焥中
˙ 侸⡙砞畎
˙ 㺙焺⥃㶸
˙ Ꟁ䏞䒂㾝余乹 -FOHUI&YUFOTJPO"UUBDL

19

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꧹廔焥中
˙ ⢵闍♧럊齅鱀
˙ 蕰1⵱2
˙ 蕰ꬌ2⵱ꬌ1
˙ 蕰ꬌ1⵱ꬌ2̒鸏♶䧭用
˙ 蕰2⵱1̒鸏⛳♶䧭用
20

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꧹廔焥中
˙ 1徍宐2尝鳵岁ㄎ
˙ 㥶卓䧮徍宐䧮㽠尝鳵岁ㄎ
˙ 㥶卓䧮〳⟃ㄎ䧮㽠尝剤徍宐
˙ 㥶卓䧮尝鳵岁ㄎ䧮㽠徍宐
˙ 铞♶㹁䧮뢙㝱ザ
21

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꧹廔焥中
˙ 1㺙焺鱒Ⰵ姻焷
˙ 2) JOQVU
瘞倴
˙ 㥶卓㺙焺鱒Ⰵ姻焷⵱) JOQVU
瘞倴
˙ 㥶卓) JOQVU
♶瘞倴⵱㺙焺鱒Ⰵꐫ铐
˙ 㥶卓) JOQVU
瘞倴⵱㺙焺鱒Ⰵ姻焷
˙ ꧹廔焥中 )BTI$PMMJTJPO

22

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꧹廔焥中
˙ 鱒ⰅꟀ䏞♶ꣳ⡎僽鱒ⴀ穡卓剤ꣳ
˙ 籏僽〳⟃䪪ⵌⰍ⦐鱒Ⰵ欴欰♧垺涸꧹廔⧩
23

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꧹廔焥中
• my_hash("cActo4ri5Hm3OZzB") == 123
• my_hash("ABCDEFGHIJKLMN9Y") == 123
• my_hash("0123456789fkcecr") == 123
• my_hash("Collision_Yhpvah") == 123
• my_hash("I am Inndy_5pRRz") == 123
• my_hash("SITCON 2017_N4hx") == 123
24

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꧹廔焥中
˙ 곏搭䧮ⶍⶍ涮僈涸NZ@IBTI湱殹腛䓳
˙ /PODSZQUPHSBQIJDIBTIGVODUJPO
˙ 殹䪪ⵌ佪桧넞倴凐⸂灶鍑涸焥中倰岁
˙ 䧮⦛㽠铞鸏⦐꧹廔倰岁鄄չ灶鍑պ✫
˙ .%欽⦐➃ꨶ舡〳⟃㸤䧭
˙ 4IBUUFSFE 4)"DPMMJTJPO
CZ(PPHMFBOE$8*
25

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侸⡙砞畎
˙ 焷⥃鎝䜂尝剤鄄睕佖罜⚂♶僽⩝鸤涸
˙ 䧮ㄤ⡹Ⱏ剤♧䪾㺙ꚤ尝剤痧♲⦐➃濼麥
˙ $*"/4"ㄤ(PPHMF⛳♶濼麥
˙ ⫄鷑鎝䜂⟃⿻)BTI 鎝䜂Ⱏ❧㺙ꚤ

˙ 䱺佐鎝䜂涸儘⦬增叆)BTI 鎝䜂Ⱏ❧㺙ꚤ

˙ 欽)."$䖕꬗剚䲿ⵌ
26

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㺙焺⥃㶸
˙ 剪⹡䲿⣘罏䙦랃⥃㶸⢪欽罏㺙焺
˙ ⥃㶸㺙焺涸꧹廔⧩
˙ 盘椚㆞ㄤ㹐剪㽠♶濼麥⡹涸㺙焺✫
27

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㺙焺⥃㶸
˙ 笪畀鄄Ⰵ⡹涸㺙焺鼩僽尝剤➃濼麥㌨
˙ 凐⸂灶鍑#SVUFGPSDF(16⸈鸠
˙ 䕙赙邍3BJOCPX5BCMF
˙ 갸⯓鎙皿僈俒莅꧹廔⧩
˙ 㶶Ⱙ余乹
˙ 欽䌢鋅涸㋲㶶欴欰〳腋涸穉ざ㺙焺
28

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㺙焺⥃㶸
˙ )."$锅㄂⸈뛥,FZFE)BTI 4BMUFE)BTI
˙ IBTI 㺙焺TBMU

˙ )."$僽겳⡂涸嚌䙂⡎僽剤暶㹁涸㻜⡲倰䒭
˙ 湬䱺⢪欽㼠Ꟍ捀㺙焺鏤鎙涸꧹廔倰岁
˙ "SHPO 1#,%' TDSZQU CDSZQU
29

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Ꟁ䏞䒂㾝余乹
˙ 䊺濼) LFZEBUB
⟃⿻EBUB⡎♶濼麥LFZ
˙ 〳⟃皿ⴀ) LFZEBUBQBEEJOHFWJM

˙ 〳⟃㖈剤IBTI增叆涸朜屣♴幑⸈겙㢫须俲
˙ .% 4)" 4)" 4)"鿪「ⵌ䕧갠
˙ 䊨ⰨIBTIQVNQ
˙ ⢪欽)."$⽰〳鼚⯝
30

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➊랃僽⸈㺙
˙ 麕玑꨾銴㺙ꚤ ,FZ

˙ ♶濼麥㺙ꚤ㽠尝鳵岁鍑㺙
˙ ⸈㺙怵皿岁ⰗꟚ⛳♶剚鸤䧭㺙俒鄄灶陼
˙ ♶搭㽠僽鸏⦐怵皿岁剤緄ꤴ䧴僽䖕Ꟍ
31

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锓⸈㺙⛓⵹
˙ 㔔捀⸈㺙꨾銴㺙ꚤ鸒䌢僽չꦑ堥欴欰պ
˙ 㣐鿈ⴕ玑䒭铃鎊䲿⣘涸✥侸僽չ⩝ꦑ堥侸պ
˙ ⢪欽⩝ꦑ堥侸⢵欴欰㺙ꚤ僽剤괐ꦖ涸
32

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⩝ꦑ堥侸欴欰㐼 13/(

˙ ⯓歋♧⦐珏㶩 TFFE
ⴲ㨥⻋✥侸朜䢀 TUBUF

˙ ⱄ竤歋暶㹁涸怵皿䌢欰ꦑ堥侸
˙ 製꧌㣁㢵涸✥侸䖕〳⟃凐⸂灶鍑䧴僽皿ⴀTFFE
˙ 䘎鎹ⴲ㨥⻋㽠Ꟛ㨥欽⵱剚欴欰ⴀ♧垺涸ꦑ堥侸
˙ 㣐㢵侸➃剚欽儘꟦⢵殹⡲ⴲ㨥⻋⿮侸
33

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⩝ꦑ堥侸欴欰㐼 13/(

˙ HMJCD傍劍涸㻜⡲箁䚍ず긅 -$(

˙ SFUVSOTUBUF TUBUFYDFE

YG
˙ 濼麥♧⦐✥侸㽠〳⟃湬䱺皿ⴀ⛓䖕涸䨾剤✥侸
˙ ⛳㽠僽〳⟃갸庠劢⢵涸✥侸
˙ 歋倴TUBUF剤ꣳ䨾⟃✥侸剚鹋劍䚍涸ꅾ醳
34

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㺙ꚤ欴欰莅13/(
˙ TSBOE UJNF /6--

$
˙ 䧮㥶卓濼麥⡹欽涸僽➊랃13/(
˙ ⿶濼麥㺙ꚤ欴欰涸儘꟦㣐嚌僽➊랃儘⦬
35

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㺙ꚤ欴欰
˙ 欴欰⸈㺙㺙ꚤ涸儘⦬銴⢪欽04䲿⣘涸㸞✥侸
˙ 䖰炽넓製꧌涸须鎝✥䏞 FOUSPQZ
嫲鯱넞
˙ 㼩倴㸞銴宠溫涸䖎넞欩荛剚⢪欽㼠Ꟍ涸炽넓
˙ 製꧌㢫歲涸暟椚꧹鎝⟃㟞⸈✥䏞
˙ EFWVSBOEPNGPS6/*9
˙ $SZQU(FO3BOEPNGPS8JOEPXT
36

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⸈㺙禺窡ⴕ겳
˙ 呏亙⸈㺙禺窡涸麌⡲倰䒭ⴕ䧭♲珏
˙ 㼩珖䒭
˙ ⴕ穉⸈㺙 #MPDL$JQIFS

˙ ⚮崩⸈㺙 4USFBN$JQIFS

˙ ꬌ㼩珖
˙ ⰗꟚꆄꚤ禺窡 1VCMJD,FZ&ODSZQUJPO

37

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⚮崩⸈㺙
˙ 㛇倴YPS涸⸈㺙倰䒭
˙ 1YPS,$ $YPS,1
˙ 䪾LFZ깐鹎⿡⛓䖕皿ⴀLFZTUSFBN
˙ 僈俒㺙俒YPSLFZTUSFBN㽠㸤䧭⸈鍑㺙
˙ 㛇劥♳㽠僽⦐13/(♶麕䗳갭銴⨞ⵌꨈ⟃갸庠
38

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⚮崩⸈㺙
˙ 㺙ꚤ♶〳⟃ꅾ醳⢪欽
˙ & 9 ,
邍爚⟃㺙ꚤ,⸈㺙须俲9
˙ & 9 ,
9?13/( ,

˙ & " ,
?& # ,
"?L
? #?L
"?#
˙ 㼩倴僈俒剤㣁㢵涸澗鍑㽠〳⟃灶㺙
39

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⚮崩⸈㺙
˙ 㔔捀劥颶♳僽13/(䨾⟃TUSFBNLFZ剚䗅橇
˙ ⸈㺙须俲Ꟁ䏞馄麕TUSFBNLFZ涸鹋劍銴㼭䗱
˙ 䊺濼僈俒涸鑨〳⟃睕佖须俲
˙ TUSFBN@LFZ㺙俒?僈俒
˙ ꨾銴)."$⢵焷⥃须俲㸤侮䚍
40

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ⴕ穉⸈㺙
˙ 㛇劥穡圓僽♧⦐〳鷠ⴅ侸
˙ 剤ꣳ涸㹁纏㚖ㄤ剤ꣳ涸⧩㚖
˙ 鱒Ⰵㄤ鱒ⴀ涸须俲Ꟁ䏞㔿㹁
˙ ⢿㥶嫦妄㼟CZUFT僈俒⸈㺙䧭CZUFT㺙俒
˙ $& 1 ,
% $ ,
1
˙ 1僈俒$㺙俒,㺙ꚤ&⸈㺙%鍑㺙
41

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ⴕ穉⸈㺙
˙ 㥶卓僈俒馄麕♧⦐CMPDL涸㣐㼭
˙ ꨾銴䪾麕Ꟁ涸僈俒㺙俒ⴕ䧭㢵㝆ⴕ妄贖椚
˙ 㥶卓僈俒♶ⵌ♧⦐CMPDL涸㣐㼭
˙ ꨾銴㞅⯏ QBEEJOH
䪾Ꟁ䏞酢駈
˙ 1,$41,$4
42

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1,$4㞅⯏
˙ ず垺涸僈俒莅㺙ꚤ⸈㺙ⴀ⢵剚䖤ⵌ湱ず涸穡卓
˙ 䧮⦛䒸Ⰵ✫ⴲ㨥ぢꆀ *7
堥ⵖ⢵贖椚鸏⦐㉏겗
• n = BLK_SZ - (len(data) % BLK_SZ)
• padding = byte(n) * n
• "0123456789AB\x05\x05\x05\x05\x05"
˙ 瘞瘞䧮⦛剚㔐⢵溏1,$4鸤䧭涸㉏겗
43

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ⴕ穉⸈㺙
˙ 䱰欽&$#垸䒭尝剤*7嫦⦐CMPDLぐ荈⸈㺙
˙ 湱ず僈俒⸈㺙穡卓♧垺㸪錚⢵溏
44

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ⴕ穉⸈㺙䊨⡲垸䒭
˙ 㥶卓嫦⦐CMPDL鿪剤荈䊹涸*7须俲剚䧭ꟀⰍ⦔
˙ ⵹♧⦐CMPDL涸须俲㽠〳⟃䬄ⴀ⢵殹⡲*7欽
˙ 剤ぐ珏♶ず涸幋ざ倰䒭
˙ $#$ 0'# $'# $53
˙ 鸏酭䧮⦛ꆚ㼩$#$⨞铞僈
˙ Ⱖ➮倰䒭㖈笞㛇涰猰剤湱ず涸㕬鍑
45

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$#$垸䒭⸈㺙
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode encryption
block cipher
encryption
Key
Ciphertext
Plaintext
block cipher
encryption
Key
Ciphertext
Plaintext
block cipher
encryption
Key
Ciphertext
Plaintext
Initialization Vector (IV)
9PS
*7<>
*7<> *7<>
46

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$#$垸䒭⸈㺙
˙ ♴⴪匌銯剚对㹁植㖈鸏㝆㺙俒涸Ⰹ㺂
˙ 鸏♧㝆僈俒
˙ 㺙ꚤ
˙ ♳♧㝆涸㺙俒䧴僽*7
˙ $<>*7
˙ $& $?1 ,

47

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Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode decryption
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
$#$垸䒭鍑㺙
*7<>
*7<>
*7<>
48

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$#$垸䒭鍑㺙
˙ ♴⴪匌銯剚对㹁植㖈鸏㝆僈俒鍑ⴀ⢵涸Ⰹ㺂
˙ 鸏♧㝆㺙俒
˙ 㺙ꚤ
˙ ♳♧㝆涸㺙俒䧴僽*7
˙ $<>*7
˙ 1$?% $ ,

49

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
˙ 䎃痧♧妄鄄䲿ⴀ⢵
˙ 3BJMT "41/&5 +BWB瘞㣐ꆀ笪畀「ⵌ䕧갠
˙ $#$垸䒭⸈♳1,$4㞅⯏倰䒭
˙ 㥶卓䧮⥜佖✫㺙俒灶㡏✫㞅⯏⧩
˙ ⡹欽涸⸈㺙玑䒭䏨〳腋剚UISPXFSSPS
˙ 尝剤DBUDI涸鑨⢪欽罏剚溏ⵌ
˙ 㼬荞〳⟃㖈劢濼㺙ꚤ涸䞕屣♴鍑㺙⥜佖Ⰹ㺂
50

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˙ ➊랃⯋稇剚䕧갠僈俒
˙ $JQIFSUFYU
˙ ,FZ
˙ *7䧴♳♧㝆㺙俒
˙ 䖰齡酭♴䩛嫲鯱㺂僒
˙ 齡䎙⦐僽䧮⦛濼麥罜⚂〳⟃䱾ⵖ涸
1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
Cipher Block Chain
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
Key
51

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
˙ 余乹㜥兞
˙ 笪畀䪾须俲⸈㺙䖕㶸㖈$PPLJF酭꬗
˙ ⡹濼麥*7ㄤ㺙俒尝剤,FZㄤ僈俒
˙ ⡹〳⟃⥜佖$PPLJF
52

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
˙ 灶㡏*7
˙ 鑑衽⥜佖*7剓䖕♧⦐CZUF欴欰ⴀ穡㽵涸㞅⯏
˙ 鸏儘⦬䧮⦛㽠〳⟃皿ⴀ剓䖕♧⦐CZUF涸僈俒
˙ 䱺衽欴欰㽠〳⟃皿ⴀ剓䖕CZUFT僈俒
˙ ⟃姽겳䲀㽠〳⟃䗂⾲侮㝆僈俒
53

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
• Plain = "AESXX"
• Key = "??!@#$!@#$"
• P = 41 45 53 58 58
• IV = c8 76 30 94 87
• C = aa bb cc dd ee
• c = 89 33 63 cc df
54
Cipher Block Chainin
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
Key
$
1
*
랱盳

View Slide

1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
• IV = c8 76 30 94 87
• c = 89 33 63 cc df
• iv = 00 00 00 00 00
• iv = 00 00 00 00 01
• ...
• iv = 00 00 00 00 de
• 0xde ^ 0xdf = 0x01
• p = 89 33 63 cc 01 // 正確的填充
55
Cipher Block Chainin
block cipher
decryption
Key
Plaintext
Ciphertext
Key
D
1
*
랱盳

View Slide

1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
• IV = c8 76 30 94 87
• P = 41 45 53 58 58
• c = 89 33 63 cc df
• iv = 00 00 00 00 de
• p = 89 33 63 cc 01 填充正確解密成功！
• last byte: 0xde ^ 0x01 ^ 0x87 = 0x58
• 接下來來做 02 02 結尾，解開倒數第⼆二 byte
56

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
˙ 灶鍑䧭劥䖰CMPDL@TJ[F隶䧭CMPDL@TJ[F
˙ CJUT$JQIFS隶䧭
˙ 1BEEJOH0SBDMF涸䗳銴哭⟝
˙ 1,$4㞅⯏
˙ $#$垸䒭
˙ 1BEEJOH&SSPS鄄⢪欽罏溏ⵌ
57

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1BEEJOH0SBDMF"UUBDL
˙ 鍑对倰䒭
˙ &ODSZQUUIFO."$
˙ ♧傉Ⰹ㺂鄄睕佖㽠䬩穪鍑㺙
˙ ꦡ询1BEEJOH&SSPS鎝䜂
˙ ⡎僽〳腋剤Ⱖ➮倰䒭䖤濼 &Y5JNJOH"UUBDL

˙ ♶銴欽$#$.PEF
58

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ⴕ穉⸈㺙籏穡
˙ *7涸欽䠑僽雊湱ず僈俒嫦妄⸈㺙涸穡卓♶ず
˙ ⹡䗳⢪欽㸞✥侸⚛⚂嫦妄ꅾ倞欴欰
˙ 〳⟃莅㺙俒♧饱㶸佞
˙ 䌢䌢佞㖈㺙俒涸痧♧⦐CMPDL
˙ 澗鍑ぐ珏ⴕ穉⸈㺙涸䊨⡲垸䒭
˙ 鼚⯝悴㖈涸괐ꦖ
59

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ꬌ㼩珖⸈㺙
˙ 植➿㺙焺㷸剓ꅾ銴涸涮僈⛓♧
˙ 34"剓䌢鋅⛳剓䌢⢪欽
˙ 堬㕩刼箁㺙焺 &$$

˙ 欴欰LFZ剚欴ⴀ♧㼩Ⱇꚤ莅猙ꚤ
˙ Ⱇꚤ〳⟃ⰗꟚ窍Ⱖ➮➃
˙ 猙ꚤ〫剤⡹荈䊹䭰剤
60

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ꬌ㼩珖⸈㺙
˙ Ⱇꚤ⸈㺙〫腋欽猙ꚤ鍑㺙
˙ 猙ꚤ⸈㺙〫腋欽Ⱇꚤ鍑㺙
˙ ⢪欽倰岁
˙ 〳⟃焷⥃须俲僽歋厥⦐➃⫄鷑涸
˙ 〳⟃焷⥃须俲〫剤厥⦐➃〳⟃隡《
61

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ꬌ㼩珖⸈㺙
˙ 歋倴Ⱇꚤ禺窡涸麌皿鸠䏞鸒䌢嫲㼩珖⸈㺙䢩
˙ 䌢欽涸倰岁僽⯓⟃㼩珖䒭涸倰岁⸈㺙须俲
˙ ⱄ欽Ⱇꚤ禺窡⸈㺙㼩珖㺙焺涸㺙ꚤ
˙ 侸⡙砞畎⵱僽⯓IBTI须俲ⱄ⟃Ⱇꚤ⸈㺙IBTI
˙ 44-5-4)5514㽠僽㛇倴鸏珏倰岁䒊用涸
62

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穡锸
˙ )BTI
˙ ⮭㶸㺙焺欽BSHPO QCLEG TDSZQU CDSZQU
˙ 鼚⯝须俲鄄睕佖)BTI )."$
˙ 㼭䗱-FOHUI&YUFOTJPO"UUBDL
˙ .% 4)"♶銴欽
63

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穡锸
˙ 㼩珖⸈㺙
˙ ♶銴欽&$#.PEF
˙ $#$.PEF1,$4剚1BEEJOH0SBDMF
˙ 3$♶銴欽
˙ ꬌ㼩珖⸈㺙
˙ 34"꨾銴3BOEPN1BEEJOH
64

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2"
=䧴僽㣐㹻〳⟃鍑侕㉻

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No More Crypto Fails

No More Crypto Fails

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