BIOMOLECULES Lecture for Undergraduate Non-Science Majors

This is a basic introduction to biomolecules ,with practical applications, for Undergrad Non-Science Majors or those with little exposure to this material prior to college, It is intended to enhance learning and provide a very basic introduction to these concepts.

Transcript

1. BIOMOLECULES for Undergraduate Non-Science Majors • DISCLAIMER: This two- part slide series was developed for use with college undergraduate Non-Science majors in Biology courses for Non- Science Majors. It is intended to familiarize students with the basic concepts and practical applications of biomolecules. Grateful acknowledgement to contributors of the graphics-no copyright infringement is intended. Nancy Palmer-Shevlin,MD
2. KEY FACT 1: Middle School Chem Review: Atoms and isotopes Atomic symbol - C ATOMS Atomic number – 6 (proton number – identifies element) Atomic weight - 12.01 g/mole Atomic mass of common C isotope = 12
3. KEY FACT 2:IONIZING RADIATION AND THE CONSEQUENCES http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/index https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnhrIGn4fOk http://www.dnatube.com/video/2837/Mutation-of-genes
4. http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php https://www.procure.com/Proton-Therapy-Basics/unique-benefits http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-radiation-quiz.htm http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/cnsconline/ionizing-or-not/eng/index.cfm SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION INCLUDE____________________ POSITIVE USE OF RADIATION INCLUDES________________________
5. KEY FACT 3:CARBON CYCLEWHAT IS EARTHS LARGEST CARBON RESERVOIR? Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Carbon compounds in water Photosynthesis Primary consumers Higher-level consumers Detritus Decomposition CO2 in atmosphere http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =0Vwa6qtEih8
6. Greenhouse gases and global warming:What are the consequences?
7. KEY FACT 4 Organic macromolecules in living organisms are grouped into four categories.
8. NEW FOOD LABELShttp://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-s-new-food-labels-will- be-little-bigger-n577481 More about this in Unit 5 Science of Nutrition
9. Key Fact 5:CARBS:Polysaccharides are also utilized as Energy Storage Molecules
10. KEY FACT 6:LIPIDS: 2.Triglycerides are stored in ________tissue.What is the adaptive significance of the tissue?
11. Saturated Fatty Acids make up saturated triglycerides (fats ) Unsaturated Fatty Acids make up unsaturated triglycerides or fats (aka oils)
12. Saturated fatty acids are associated with the development of atherosclerosis- BUT what about about coconut oil?
13. KEY FACT 7: Significance of TRANS FATS FDA MANDATED ALL TRANSFATS TO BE REMOVED FROM FOOD BY 2018.Was this goal achieved?The agency estimated that the action would cost about $6 billion to put in effect but would save about $140 billion over 20 years in health care and other costs. trans fat leads to more than 500,000 deaths of people from cardiovascular disease every year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In response, the WHO launched a global initiative called REPLACE, which demands restaurants and food manufacturers to eliminate artificial trans fats, in the form of partially hydrogenated oils, from the world food supply by 2023.
14. KEY FACT 8:“Bad” cholesterol,”Good Cholesterol,Triglycerides,Endothelial Function and Atherosclerotic Plaques http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLonh7ZesKs&feature=related http://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/heart-circulatory/coronary-artery-disease- atherosclerosis/page-01
15. Table 1. Physical properties and lipid compositions of lipoprotein classes. CM VLDL LDL HDL Density (g/ml) < 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.006-1.063 1.063-1.210 Diameter (Å) 6000-2000 600 250 70-120 Total lipid (wt%) * 99 91 80 44 Triacylglycer ols 85 55 10 6 Cholesterol esters 3 18 50 40 Cholesterol 2 7 11 7 Phospholipid s 8 20 29 46 * Most of the remaining material comprises the various apoproteins. THE GOOD and the BAD CHOLESTEROL According to the NIH, “Recent studies have shown that high levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk for heart disease and stroke and that low levels (less than 35 mg/dL), even in people with normal levels of LDL, lead to an increased risk for heart disease and stroke.”In addition
16. Key Fact 9: DYSLIPIDEMIA may lead to Strokes(CVA),MIs &Death
17. KEY FACT 10: Prevalence of CVD is DANGEROUS, DEADLY, UNACCEPTABLE,PREVENTABLE AND TREATABLE!Prevention ,treatment and elimination of CV Risk Factors will be discussed in depth in Unit 3.KNOW NOW that abnormal lipid levels are a key risk factor for CVD.
18. How do we assess lipids in our blood?
19. Key Fact 11: LDL small particles and CV Risk
22. KEY FACT 12 Another class of LIPIDS:3.Steroids http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter10/animation__me chanism_of_steroid_hormone_action__quiz_1_.html •Cholesterol: four fused rings.Recall that cholesterol is the lipid precursor of sex steroids.Cholesterol is a normal component of cell membranes. • Its main function is to maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes and to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of substances that are vital for the organism including steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.Jul 18, 2019 • New Insights into Cholesterol Functions: A Friend or an Enemy? • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC6682969 • Steroids are:More about Estrogen, Testosterone and Hormone Receptor Antagonists in Unit 3. • Anabolic steroids will be discussed later
23. MULTIPLE CHOICE • 1.Greenhouse gases include A. Oxygen B. Methane C. Carbon dioxide D.Just B and C 2. The sex steroids, testosterone and estrogen, have A. carbon ring structures, with different functional groups B. cholesterol as their precursor molecule C. functional groups that are identical D. both A and B are correct 3.Which of the following is/are accurate concerning atherosclerosis? A.Small particles of LDL-c are more likely than large ones to cause atherosclerosis B. High Triglycerides may contribute to CV Risks C. Endothelial injury often plays a role in development of placques D. Exercise may increase HDL-c E. Just A,C and D are accurate 4.Triglycerides: A. are stored in cell membranes B.have glycerol and 3 Fatty acids as their monomers C. are lipids D. All of these E.Just B and C
24. 5.Eliminating trans fats may not decrease CVD in the US because A.Use of saturated fats may continue to increase B.Exercise habits are still suboptimal C.Fiber use will continue to increase D. All of the above E.Only A and B. 6.FDA wants trans fats removed because A. they increase HDL-c B.they increase LDL-c C. they promote inflammation D. Just B and C 7. Steroid Hormones A.Have cholesterol as their backbone B.are lipid soluble C.signal the nuclear DNA which results in transcription of RNAs for the production of proteins used by many tissues D.may be blocked to facilitate gender conversion or prevent certain cancers from proliferating E. all of the above
25. T or F • 1.Diet and exercise alone can lower everyones cholesterol into normal range. • 2.Black Americans have a higher incidence of CV mortality than other Americans and this may be preventable. • 3.People can have heart attacks and strokes even when they have normal LDL-c, if they have a high number of small particle LDL-c. • 4.Trans fats increase HDL-c and lower LDL-c.
26. KEY FACT 13: How Steroid Hormones Trigger Gene Activation http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0015081981/student_view0/chapter11/mechanism_of_steroid_hor mone_action.html
27. REVIEW:Physiologic Effects of Estrogen and Testosterone . List others.
28. Key Fact 18:Normal Menstrual Cycle .How do most oral contraceptives work? The role of sex steroids will be discussed in a future unit. Age and Gender Bias in Medical Delivery of Sex Steroids will be discussed in Unit 3.
29. True and False • 1.Hormone receptor antagonists may block estrogen receptors in people with E2 receptor positive breast cancer ; and also may be used in females who wish to transition to male gender. • 2. Oral contraceptives may be associated with an increase in endometrial cancer but not breast cancer. • 3.Long-term oral contraceptive use is associated with an increase in cancer of the cervix in women infected with HPV. • 4.Testosterone increases good cholesterol. • 5.Most studies show estrogen replacement causes breast cancer in a high percentage of women. • 6.Some steroid hormones activate genes that code for the proteins that lead to muscle hypertrophy and rage reactions. • 7.The effect of testosterone on the developing fetus includes male sex organs,and hypothalamic masculinization.
30. PART 2: PROTEINS KEY FACT#14
31. KEY FACT #15: Amino Acids: Subunits of Proteins • Amino acids are the subunits of proteins. • Amino acids have three components to their structure. – An amino (–NH2 ) group – A carboxyl (–COOH) group – The R (Residual) group
32. Protein Structure: Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and Quarternary
33. Types of Proteins – Their Structures Dictate their Functions
34. KEY FACT #16What is the function of the Protein Hemoglobin?Please note replacement of ONE amino acid in hemoglobin in position 6 renders the hemoglobin dysfunctional .This results in the serious disease Sickle Cell Anemia. View video. From: sliderbase.com From Sliderbase.com
35. Figure 6.15 SUMMARY: KEY FACT#17:PROTEINS &THEIR FUNCTIONS.What Proteins are these children lacking and what are the consequences?
36. Another type of Protein:Enzymes • The energy needed to cause a molecule to react with another molecule is called the energy of activation (Ea ). • Enzymes help catalyze reactions by lowering the energy of activation for a reaction.
37. ENZYMES INCREASE THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS.This table provides examples of how long some reactions would take without the enzymes that catalyze them
38. KEY FACT#18 :HOW ENZYMES CATALYZE REACTIONS Substrate Active site Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex ()
39. Metabolic pathway – series of rxns, each catalyzed by a unique enzyme and in which the product of one rxn is the substrate for the next enzyme in the pathway. Is there a difference in ethanol metabolism between men, women, elderly people, and younger people?Why? http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_vie w0/chapter2/animation__how_enzyme s_work.html
40. Figure 7.28
41. Figure 7.31 KEY FACT#19:HOW ARE THE ACTIONS OF ENZYMES REGULATED? Is there a difference in ethanol metabolism between men, women, elderly people, and younger people?Why?
42. KEY FACT #20: EXAMPLE OF A CRITICAL ENZYME in a Metabolic Pathway: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.Tyrosine is a critical precursor for the synthesis of a variety of hormones. What happens in the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase?
43. KEY FACT# 21 Nucleic Acids:Used for: 1.Information (DNA,RNA) 2.Energy (ATP) Subunit:Nucleotide Polymer:Nucleic Acid This will be covered in great detail in the Unit on the genome, epigenome, gene expression and regulation.Diagram Source: AccessScience from McGraw Hill
44. When water dissociates, it releases an equal number of ions. Hydrogen ions (H+) Hydroxide ions (OH-) KEY FACT# 22 :ACIDS and BASES H – O – H H+ + OH-
45. KEY FACT# 23 How does your body maintain normal pH? Relevance?