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1. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 1/32 2014-11-12 University of Tampere Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen PhD Candidate jarkko.moilanen@uta.fi University of Tampere School of Information Sciences
2. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 2/32 2014-11-12 Research motivation • Personal history in hackerspaces and in hacker culture • Started as pure 'hackerspaces' study, expanded to cover other forms as well. • To provide missing accurate longitudinal statistical research data and results about commons-based peer production community such as: • Common characteristics of the community • Member motivation and • Community values • To put DIY communities on the larger context of hacker generations as 'Peer-production' generation
3. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 3/32 2014-11-12 Observation and surveys • Methods used • Empirical observation (helped in defining survey questions) – Tampere Hacklab • Annual surveys (main data collection method)
4. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 4/32 2014-11-12 Surveys are part of P2P Foundation supported Statistical Studies of Peer Production studies established by author. http://surveys.peerproduction.net/
5. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 5/32 2014-11-12 Peer-production surveys • Conducted 2010- 2012 • Conducted among DIY communities such as • Hackerspaces • Makerspaces • DIYbio • Fablabs
6. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 6/32 2014-11-12 Results
7. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 7/32 2014-11-12 Participation
8. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 8/32 2014-11-12 Middle-aged western men • 'Average' member of DIY community is a highly educated 26 - 31 years old male from Europe (2011: 39%) or North America (2011:48%)
9. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 9/32 2014-11-12 Bachelors and Masters of 'hacking' • 2011: 56% at least Bachelor Degree (2010: 49%)
10. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 10/32 2014-11-12 Committed to one local community • Nearly 91% are members of just one community
11. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 11/32 2014-11-12 Building objects in crowd • Top 3 interests:building objects (82%), social aspects (67%) and software hacking (65%)
12. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 12/32 2014-11-12 Fun loving altruistic community • Altruism, community commitment, meeting other hackers in real world and having fun • having fun (98%) • meeting other hackers and hacker- minded people (95%) • contributing to community without expecting something in return (80%) • commitment to community (75%)
13. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 13/32 2014-11-12 SW and HW Projects • Software related: > 55%, Hardware related: > 65%
14. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 14/32 2014-11-12 Small-ish local communities • Over 40% of spaces have 20-50 members
15. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 15/32 2014-11-12 Peer funded • Question 'From which sources funding and resources can/should be obtained?' was added to 2011 survey. • Membership fees: over 92% • Donations from individuals: 88% • Governmental sources: 60% • Company donations: around 57%
16. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 16/32 2014-11-12 Peer-production generation Suggested view to Hacker generations. Source: Modified from Taylor (2005). Peer- production added by the author. Beginning of peer-production generation is debatable. Hackerspaces emerged in small scale around 1995, but breakthrough happened around 2001-2002 and after that other forms of peer-production emerged.
17. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 17/32 2014-11-12 Peer-production generation • Motivation: altruism, community commitment, meeting other hackers in real world and having fun • Small-ish local communities (with own space) • While members value social events, they value doing/'making' more • Peer funding (over company or goverment) • Hackerspaces resemble 'third places' defined by Oldenburg
18. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 18/32 2014-11-12 Motivation model • hackerspace communities have a strong ‘social motivation factor’. Not found significant in other research on open source development Modified from Martine Aalbers, 2004. “Motivation for participation in an open source software community,” at http://download.blender.org/documentation/bc2004/Martine_Aalbers/results-summary.pdf
19. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 19/32 2014-11-12 Other related research • 3D Manufacturing community ('revolutionary activity') • Next gen 3D printing has roots in hackerspace movement • “Zach “Hoeken” Smith, Adam Mayer, and Bre Pettis founded MakerBot Industries less than a year ago. All three men, who met through Brooklyn hackerspace NYC Resistor”
20. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 20/32 2014-11-12 3D printing community surveys http://surveys.peerproduction.net/2013/09/3d-printing-survey-2013/
21. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 21/32 2014-11-12 Geographical distribution
22. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 22/32 2014-11-12 Survey participant age groups
23. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 23/32 2014-11-12 Education 2013: The percentage of 4-year college degree and Master’s degree is 67%
24. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 24/32 2014-11-12 Membership in DIY communities ...sign of a continuing trend that could, for instance, signal that 3D printing is, in part, breaking out of the “geek” habitat towards a wider and more general community.
25. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 25/32 2014-11-12 For what usage do you use 3D printing? 2012: • Functional models (144 times), • Artistic items (140 times), • Spare parts to devices (133 times), • For research/educational purposes (128 times) and • Direct part production (113 times) 2013: • Artistic items (165 times), • Functional models (136 times), • Spare parts to devices (131 times), • Direct part production (108 times) and • For research/educational purposes (100 times)
26. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 26/32 2014-11-12 Most common 3D printing material
27. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 27/32 2014-11-12 3D printing services 2013 2012
28. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 28/32 2014-11-12 Most wanted feature 2013: 1) Object quality: 155 (166), 2) Speed: 123 (119), 3) Multicolored printing 116 (88) 4) Metal material printing: 115 (108) 5) Cheaper material prices: 112 (115), 6) Cheaper printer price: 111 (106)
29. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 29/32 2014-11-12 Bottlenecks • design process related (software and models), • hardware related (printers and configuration), • production related (lack of speed, lack of materials, high costs) and • business model related (patents, polarization and difficulties in startups).
30. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 30/32 2014-11-12 Bottlenecks • “FDM is a toy, not a tool!” • “in practical terms, the weakness of development of 3D technology is the 3D software.” • “need a consumer-ready interface for creating 3d models (think leap-motion/kinect integration)” • The role of “monster” companies in 3D printer technology • Patents • Lack of good 3D model management platform • “No way to control 1-50 machines through one ‘command and control’ machine used for queuing up of said printed object.” • lack of “multi-materials printing” and “more soft and flexible materials”
31. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 31/32 2014-11-12 Interesting trends in the 2013 survey • increase in the number of different models of 3D printers used • increase in the number of different 3D printing services used • growing economical interests: 3D Printer manufacturing market polarization, new manufacturer startups and kickstarter driven 3D printers • possible signs of maturing ecosystem and that 3D printing might be on the verge of spreading outside geek communities dispite the lacks in hardware and software.
32. Emerging hackerspaces – Peer-production generation Jarkko Moilanen 32/32 2014-11-12 More discussion • Ideas? What's your opinion/view? Jarkko Moilanen jarkko@peerproduction.net