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ACL2023レポート − LLMの動向を中心に
ACL2023の発表論文について、LLMに関する下記のカテゴリごとに2本ずつ紹介しました。
・外部知識/ツールの活用(チュートリアル):P9
・推論用プロンプトエンジニアリング(チュートリアル):P12
・LLMによる学習データ作成/蒸留:P15
・LLMの編集:P18
・LLMの学習プロセス理解:P21
Masaru Isonuma
July 29, 2023
Transcript
24 slides
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ACLܭࢉݴޠֶ/ࣗવݴޠॲཧͷτοϓࠃࡍձٞ 2 Toshihiro Kamishima. ML, DM, and AI Conference Map.
https://www.kamishima.net/archive/MLDMAImap.pdf -
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2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Acceptance Rate (Main) # of Submissions Main Findings Acceptance Rate (Main) ࡢʹൺߘ44%૿Ճ 3 ACL Wiki. https://aclweb.org/aclwiki/Conference_acceptance_rates # of Submissions: 4,864 # of Main: 1,074 # of Findings: 901 -
• EMNLP2022͔ΒLLMͷΧςΰϦ͕ొ • ଞͷΧςΰϦʹLLMʹؔ͢Δൃදؚ͕·Ε͓ͯΓɺ࣮ଶߋʹଟ͍ҹ 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
30% 35% 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 N LP Applications M achine Learning for NLP Inform ation Extraction D ialogue and Interactive… Large Language M odels R esources and Evaluation Q uestion Answering Interpretability and Analysis of… M achine Translation G eneration Language G rounding to… Sum m arization C om putational Social Science… Sentim ent Analysis, Stylistic… Them e: R eality Check Inform ation R etrieval and Text… M ultilingualism and C ross-… Sem antics: Sentence-level… Speech and M ultim odality Syntax: Tagging, C hunking,… Ethics and N LP Sem antics: Lexical D iscourse and Pragm atics Linguistic Theories, C og.… Phonology, M orphology, and… Linguistic D iversity Acceptance Rate (Main) # of Submissions findings main acceptance rate (main) ΧςΰϦผʹΈΔͱɺLLM5൪ʹଟ͍ߘ 4 Anna Rogers et al., Program Chairs’ Report on Peer Review at ACL 2023. https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.report.pdf -
• ຊϨϏϡϫʔͱߘจͷஶऀ͕΄΅ಉ͡ => एखݚڀऀͷߘ͕ൺֱతগͳ͍ or ଟ͘ͷݚڀऀ͕ϨϏϡʔʹࢀՃʁ ߘจͷஶऀॱͰΈΔͱຊ9-10Ґ 5 Anna Rogers
et al., Program Chairs’ Report on Peer Review at ACL 2023. https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.report.pdf -
֤औΓΈʹ͍ͭͯɺACL2023Ͱൃද͞ΕͨจݙΛհʢҰ෦ICLR/ICML2023จΛؚΉʣ LLMͷ՝ͱऔΓΈ 6 ݱঢ়ͷLLMʹ͓͚Δओͳ՝ ՝ʹର͢ΔऔΓΈ • ϋϧγωʔγϣϯ • ਪೳྗʢνϡʔτϦΞϧʣ •
ܭࢉ/ֶशσʔλ࡞ίετ • ֶशͨࣝ͠ͷߋ৽ • ΑΓྑ͍Ϟσϧ/ֶशλεΫͷ୳ࡧ • ֎෦ࣝ/πʔϧͷ׆༻ʢνϡʔτϦΞϧʣ • ਪ༻ϓϩϯϓτΤϯδχΞϦϯά • LLMʹΑΔֶशσʔλ࡞/ৠཹ • LLMͷฤू • LLMͷֶशϓϩηεཧղ -
LLMʹؔ͢Δࣄલࣝʢֶशํ๏ʣ 7 ࣄલֶश ΞϥΠϝϯτ ʢinstruction tuning/RLHFʣ I can't think of
any scenario where the Chiefs don't win that game if Charles doesn't go down. What's that? Need to chew clock with the run game? How convenient that we have an All Pro running back! While I agree that Charles going down definitely affected the outcome of the game, it's not like their back-up crapped the bed either. Knile Davis did end up with 2 TDs, so while he's not going to be mistaken for Charles, he played a great Answer the category of the following news. On Friday, Apple will introduce a new iPhone ... input target game Technology ਓؒͷϓϩϯϓτʹରԠͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ ༷ʑͳλεΫΛղ͔ͤΔʢ≈ԋशʣ େྔͷจষதͷ࣍୯ޠΛ༧ଌʢ≈ಡॻʣ -
LLMʹؔ͢ΔࣄલࣝʢLLMͷೳྗʣ 8 in-context learning (ICL) chain-of-thought (CoT) Q: Roger has
5 tennis balls. He buys 2 more cans of tennis balls. Each can has 3 tennis balls. How many tennis balls does he have now? A: The answer is 11. Q: The cafeteria had 23 apples. If they used 20 to make lunch and bought 6 more, how many apples do they have? Q: Roger has 5 tennis balls. He buys 2 more cans of tennis balls. Each can has 3 tennis balls. How many tennis balls does he have now? A: Roger started with 5 balls. 2 cans of 3 tennis balls each is 6 tennis balls. 5 + 6 = 11. The answer is 11. Q: The cafeteria had 23 apples. If they used 20 to make lunch and bought 6 more, how many apples do they have? input output A: The answer is 27. A: The cafeteria had 23 apples originally. They used 20 to make lunch. So they had 23 - 20 = 3. They bought 6 more apples, so they have 3 + 6 = 9. The answer is 9. ਪաఔΛྫࣔ͢Δ͜ͱͰ ਪλεΫΛΑΓਖ਼֬ʹղ͚Δ ༩͑ΒΕͨྫࣔʹԊͬͯ λεΫΛղ͘͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ -
• LLMશͯͷࣝΛ֮͑Δ͜ͱ͘͠ɺࣝͷߋ৽ࠔ => retrieverʹΑΔࣝͷิ͕༗ޮ – νϡʔτϦΞϧɿRetrieval-based Language Models and Applications
– https://acl2023-retrieval-lm.github.io/ • ಉ༷ʹɺܭࢉثԽֶԠ༧ଌثͳͲΛΈࠐΉ͜ͱͰɺLLMͷਪೳྗυϝΠϯࣝΛิ ֎෦πʔϧ/ࣝͷ׆༻ 9 Who is the prime minister of the UK? Rishi Sunak becomes the prime minister in 2022. retriever LLM Rishi Sunak retrieverͷग़ྗΛ ϓϩϯϓτʹ݁߹ ֎෦σʔλϕʔε -
• ༗໊Ͱͳ͍ΤϯςΟςΟʢਓ໊ɺ໊ͳͲʣΛLLMهԱͮ͠Β͘ɺύϥϝʔλΛ૿ͯ͠ޮՌബ͍ • retrieverʹΑͬͯ֎෦ࣝΛิ͢Δͱɺ༗໊Ͱͳ͍ΤϯςΟςΟʹ͓͚Δੑೳ্͕ɻ ͨͩ͠ɺretriever͕ޡͬͨ֎෦ࣝΛิͯ͠͠·͏͜ͱͰɺ٫ͬͯੑೳ͕Լ͕Δ͜ͱ͕͋Δ When Not to Trust Language
Models: Investigating Effectiveness of Parametric and Non-Parametric Memories Alex Mallen, Akari Asai, Victor Zhong, Rajarshi Das, Daniel Khashabi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi 10 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.546/ -
• ֎෦πʔϧͷಋೖʹΑΓɺNumGLUEλεΫʢܭࢉͱԽֶࣝΛཁ͢ΔλεΫʣʹͯੑೳ͕େ෯ʹ্ MultiTool-CoT: GPT-3 Can Use Multiple External Tools with
Chain of Thought Prompting Tatsuro Inaba, Hirokazu Kiyomaru, Fei Cheng, Sadao Kurohashi 11 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-short.130/ Few-shot examples ʹπʔϧτϦΨʔΛ Ճ͑Δ͜ͱͰɺͲͷ ໘ͰͲͷπʔϧΛ ݺͼग़͔͢ڭ͑Δ πʔϧτϦΨʔ͕ ੜ͞ΕͨΒੜ Λதࢭ͠ɺݺͼग़ ͨ͠֎෦πʔϧͷ ग़ྗΛ݁߹ɻ݁߹ ޙʹੜΛ࠶։ -
• ਪೳྗɺֶश͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ϓϩϯϓτͷ൚ԽʹෆՄܽ • ͔͠͠ɺ୯७ͳ͠ࢉίϐʔʹࣦഊ͢ΔͳͲɺLLMͷਪೳྗʹ՝͋Γ (Qian et al., 2023) • νϡʔτϦΞϧɿComplex
Reasoning in Natural LanguageͷҰ෦ͰɺਪೳྗΛิॿ͢ΔϓϩϯϓτΛհ – https://wenting-zhao.github.io/complex-reasoning-tutorial/ ਪϓϩϯϓτͷ 12 Jing Qian, Hong Wang, Zekun Li, Shiyang Li, Xifeng Yan. Limitations of Language Models in Arithmetic and Symbolic Induction. ACL 2023. https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.516/ ֶश ධՁ ʢະֶशʣ Do birds lay eggs? ʔ Yes Is quetzal a bird? ʔ Yes Does quetzal lay eggs? ॎ࣠: accuracy ԣ࣠: ࣈͷܻ ܻ͕ଟ͍ɺಉ͡ࣈ͕ ࿈ଓ͢Δ߹ʹࣦഊ͍͢͠ α͕େ͖͍΄Ͳ ಉ͡ࣈ͕࿈ଓ ֶशࡁ ະֶश ֶशࡁ ະֶश -
• ෳࡶͳΛ୯७ͳʹղ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺֶशͨ͠σʔλΑΓෳࡶͳσʔλΛѻ͏λεΫͰಛʹੑೳ্ – compositional generalizationͷϕϯνϚʔΫSCANͰCoT: 16%ʹର͠ɺ99%ͷaccuracyΛୡ Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex
Reasoning in Large Language Models Denny Zhou et al., ICLR 2023 13 https://openreview.net/forum?id=WZH7099tgfM LLMͰΛղ LLMʹ࠷ॳͷΛղ͔ͤΔ LLMʹ࣍ͷΛղ͔ͤΔ -
• LLMʹΑΓճΛੜʢ𝒚! ʣ→ಉҰͷLLMʹΑΔϑΟʔυόοΫʢ𝐟𝐛ʣ →ϑΟʔυόοΫʹج͖ͮճΛੜ ʢ𝒚𝒕#𝟏 ʣΛ܁Γฦ͢ • ϑΟʔυόοΫΛ܁Γฦ͢΄ͲɺλεΫͷੑೳ্͕ SELF-REFINE: Iterative
Refinement with Self-Feedback Aman Madaan et al., ICML 2023 14 https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17651 # of iterations -
• instruction tuningͰɺֶशλεΫ͕ଟ͍΄Ͳ ൚Խੑೳ͕ߴ͘ͳΔʢWang et al., 2022ʣ • ͔͠͠ਓ͕࡞ΕΔֶशλεΫͷྔʹݶք͋Γ Þ
LLMʹΑΔֶशσʔλ࡞ LLMʹΑΔֶशσʔλ࡞/ৠཹ 15 Wang et al., SUPER-NATURALINSTRUCTIONS:Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Tasks. EMNLP 2022 • CoTͷೳྗͷൃݱʹҰఆͷύϥϝʔλ͕ඞཁ ʢemergent ability; Wei et al, 2022ʣ • খ͍͞LMʹLLMฒͷೳྗΛ࣋ͨͤΒΕͳ͍͔ʁ Þ LLMͷग़ྗΛখ͍͞LMͷֶशʹར༻ʢৠཹʣ -
Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh
Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A. Smith, Daniel Khashabi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi 16 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.754/ • GPT-3Ͱ࡞ͨ͠λεΫͰֶशͨ͠GPT-3ɺinstructionΛଊ͑ΒΕΔΑ͏ʹͳΔ͜ͱͰɺ 119λεΫͷzero-shotੑೳʹͯݩʑͷGPT-3Λେ্͖͘ճΔʢSuper-NaturalInstructionsϕϯνϚʔΫʣ গྔͷseed taskΛ༻ҙ seed taskΛͱʹin-context learningͰinstructionΛੜ ྨλεΫग़ྗ →ೖྗͷॱͰɺ ͦΕҎ֎ೖྗ→ ग़ྗͷॱͰੜ ࣭/ྨࣅλεΫ ΛϑΟϧλ -
Large Language Models Are Reasoning Teachers ʢྨࣅݚڀ͕4ຊ΄Ͳൃදʣ Namgyu Ho, Laura
Schmid, Se-Young Yun 17 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.830/ ԣ࣠: ڭࢣʹ༻͍ͨ GPT-3(175B)ͷछྨ CoTͰLLMʹਪաఔΛग़ྗͤ͞ɺͦͷਪաఔΛڭࢣσʔλʹ༻͍ͯখنLMΛֶश ຆͲͷλεΫͰਪೳྗ্ɻൺֱత؆қͳλεΫͰڭࢣͷLLMʹඖఢ͢ΔҰํɺෳࡶͳλεΫͰڭࢣʹٴͣɻ -
• LLM͕هԱ͍ͯ͠Δ෩Խͨࣝ͠Λߋ৽ͨ͠ΓɺϓϥΠόγʔʹؔΘΔࣝΛআ͍ͨ͠ • ͔͠͠ɺࣄલֶशͷ࠶࣮ߦߴίετɻֶशࡁΈϞσϧΛφΠʔϒʹ࠶ֶशͯ͠ɺ ݴ͍͑ΒΕ͕ͨࣝߋ৽͞Εͳ͔ͬͨΓɺؔͳ͍͕ࣝॻ͖͑ΒΕͯ͠·͏ (Cao et al., 2021) Þ
ಛఆͷࣝͷΈΛߋ৽͢ΔϞσϧͷฤू͕ண Ϟσϧͷฤू 18 Nicola De Cao, Wilker Aziz, Ivan Titov. Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Models. EMNLP 2021. Who is the prime minister of the UK? LLM Liz Truss Where does Rishi Sunak live? LLM 10 Downing St, London SW1A 2AA -
• ͋ΔࣝΛߋ৽͢Δͱɺਪ͞ΕΔࣝ·ͨߋ৽͞ΕΔ͔ʹண͠ɺධՁϕϯνϚʔΫΛఏҊ – ਪ͞ΕΔࣝߋ৽͞ΕΔͳΒɺطଘͷࣝͱໃ६ͳ͘LLMʹ৽͍ࣝ͠ΛຒΊࠐΊΔ • طଘͷmodel editingࣝΛߋ৽Ͱ͖Δͷͷɺ͔ͦ͜Βਪ͞ΕΔࣝͷߋ৽ࠔ – ୯७ʹ𝑥! ͷखલʹ𝑑!
Λϓϩϯϓτͱͯ͠Ճͨ࣌͠ʹൺΔͱɺߋ৽ਫ਼૬ʹ͍ Can LMs Learn New Entities from Descriptions? Challenges in Propagating Injected Knowledge Yasumasa Onoe, Michael Zhang, Shankar Padmanabhan, Greg Durrett, Eunsol Choi 19 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.300/ -
• LLM͔Β٫͍ͤͨ͞จষ𝒙ͷग़ݱ֬ΛԼ͛ΔΑ͏ʹɺԼهͷతؔʢNLLʣΛ্͛Δ • ύϥϝʔλ͕ଟ͍Ϟσϧ΄ͲɺଞͷλεΫͷੑೳΛଛͳ͏͜ͱͳ͘٫Ͱ͖Δ • আڈରͷจষͱྨࣅ͢ΔจষɺআڈରͷจষΛؚҙ͢Δจষ٫Ͱ͖Δ͔ෆ໌ Knowledge Unlearning for Mitigating
Privacy Risks in Language Models Joel Jang, Dongkeun Yoon, Sohee Yang, Sungmin Cha, Moontae Lee, Lajanugen Logeswaran, Minjoon Seo 20 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.805/ general task performance unlearning performance gradient ascent (ఏҊख๏) differential privacy decoding baseline training data deduplication -
• LLM໌ࣔతʹֶश͍ͯ͠ͳ͍ʹؔΘΒͣɺin-context learningʢICLʣchain-of-thoughtʢCoTʣ͕ൃݱ – ࣄલֶशʹΘΕΔίʔύεʹɺICLCoTΛ໌ࣔతʹؚΉจষগͳ͍ʁʢཁݕূʣ • ICLCoTͲͷֶशσʔλΞʔΩςΫνϟʹىҼ͢Δͷ͔ʁ Þ ΑΓߴͳೳྗΛ࣋ͭLLMΛ։ൃ͢ΔͨΊͷώϯτʹͳΔ LLMͷֶशաఔͷཧղ
21 in-context learning (ICL) chain-of-thought (CoT) Q: Roger has 5 tennis balls. He buys 2 more cans of tennis balls. Each can has 3 tennis balls. How many tennis balls does he have now? A: The answer is 11. Q: The cafeteria had 23 apples. If they used 20 to make lunch and bought 6 more, how many apples do they have? A: The answer is 27. Q: Roger has 5 tennis balls. He buys 2 more cans of tennis balls. Each can has 3 tennis balls. How many tennis balls does he have now? A: Roger started with 5 balls. 2 cans of 3 tennis balls each is 6 tennis balls. 5 + 6 = 11. The answer is 11. Q: The cafeteria had 23 apples. If they used 20 to make lunch and bought 6 more, how many apples do they have? A: The cafeteria had 23 apples originally. They used 20 to make lunch. So they had 23 - 20 = 3. They bought 6 more apples, so they have 3 + 6 = 9. The answer is 9. ࣄલֶश I can't think of any scenario where the Chiefs don't win that game if Charles doesn't go down. What's that? Need to chew clock with the run game? How convenient that we have an All Pro running back! While I agree that Charles going down definitely affected the outcome of the game, it's not like their back-up crapped the bed either. Knile Davis did end up with 2 TDs, so while he's not going to be mistaken for Charles, he played a great game -
Towards Understanding Chain-of-Thought Prompting: An Empirical Study of What Matters
Boshi Wang, Sewon Min, Xiang Deng, Jiaming Shen, You Wu, Luke Zettlemoyer, Huan Sun 22 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.153/ Chain-of-Thought Ͱྫࣔ͢ΔਪաఔΛɺཧతʹޡ͍ͬͯΔਪաఔ (Invalid Reasoning) ʹͯ͠ΈΔ ྫࣔͨ͠ਪաఔ͕ཧతʹޡ͍ͬͯͯɺLLMCoTͱ΄΅ಉ͡ਖ਼ͰਪաఔΛग़ྗ͢Δ Þ LLMͷਪೳྗࣄલֶशͰඋΘ͓ͬͯΓɺCoTΫΤϦͱͯͦ͠ΕΛҾ͖ग़͍ͯ͠ΔՄೳੑ ్தࣜ·ͰؚΊͨGSM8Kͷқผਖ਼ʢF1ʣ қʹղ͘ͷʹඞཁͳਪճʢ#exampleʣ -
• Ͳͷࣄલֶशσʔλ͕in-context learningʢICLʣΛՄೳʹ͢Δͷ͔໌Β͔ʹ͍ͨ͠ => ORCA (Han & Tsvetkov, 2022) ͰICLͱࣄલֶशͷޯΛൺֱ͢Δ͜ͱͰಛఆ
• ICLʹ༗ޮͳࣄલֶशσʔλɺ – ICLσʔλͱͷυϝΠϯͷྨࣅੑΈΒΕͳ͍ => υϝΠϯԣஅతʹICLೳྗΛ֫ಘ – ୯ޠ͕ൺֱతฏୱ => Ұൠతͳจষͱ୯ޠ͕ҟͳΔICLʹରԠͰ͖Δ – ΑΓ͍จ຺ͷཧղ͕ٻΊΒΕΔ => ͍จ຺ΛཧղͰ͖Δೳྗͷ֫ಘ͕ICLͷൃݱʹߩݙ Understanding In-Context Learning via Supportive Pretraining Data Xiaochuang Han, Daniel Simig, Todor Mihaylov, Yulia Tsvetkov, Asli Celikyilmaz, Tianlu Wang 23 https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.708/ ICLσʔλͷޯ ࣄલֶशσʔλ1ͷޯ ࣄલֶशσʔλ2ͷޯ ࣄલֶशσʔλ1ͷํ͕ޯ͕ྨࣅ͢ΔͨΊin-context learningʹ༗ޮ -
• LLMͷਪೳྗҾ͖ଓ͖େ͖ͳ՝ʹͳΔ – LLMඇৗʹଟ͘ͷσʔλΛֶश͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɺҰݟͯ͠൚Խ͍ͯ͠ΔΑ͏ʹΈ͑Δ – ֶ͔࣮͠͠श͍ͯ͠ͳ͍σʔλʹ൚ԽͰ͖ͳ͍έʔε͕ࢄݟʢe.g., ܻͷେ͖͍ͷ͠ࢉʣ – ࠓޙLLMΛΑΓߴͳ׆ಈʢݚڀͳͲʣʹ׆༻͍ͯ͘͠ͱ͖ɺਪೳྗͷ͞ϘτϧωοΫ •
ԿΛֶशͤ͞Δͱਪೳྗ্͕͕Δ͔ͱ͍͏͕ٞࠓޙ͞ΒʹॏཁʹͳΔ – ݱࡏɺਪೳྗΛ্ͤ͞Δํ๏ͱͯ͠ϓϩϯϓτΤϯδχΞϦϯάʢਓؒʹΑΔೖΕܙʣ͕ओྲྀ – ʮෳࡶͳΛখ͞ͳʹղ͢ΔʯͳͲͷϝλͳܙΛLLMʹͲ͏ʹ͚ͭͤ͞Δ͔ – LLM͕༷࣋ͭʑͳೳྗ͕ԿΛֶश͢Δ͜ͱͰಘΒΕΔͷ͔ཧղ͢Δඞཁ ॴײʢ์ݴʣ 24 LLMʹ ͍ͭͯ ຊʹ ͍ͭͯ • ຊͷߘʹΊΔׂ߹Լ͕ͬͨҰํͰɺؖࠃͷଘࡏײཱ͕ͭ – Ұ֓ʹൺֱͰ͖ͳ͍ͷͷɺACL2019ͷߘ: 5Ґ→ACL2023ͷߘஶऀ: 9-10Ґʹޙୀ – ͦͷཱͭͷؖࠃʢACL2019ͷߘ: 8Ґ→ACL2023ͷߘஶऀ: 3Ґʣ – ؖࠃͷॴଐΛΈΔͱɺKAIST/ւ֎ؼࠃPI/LGͳͲͱͷڞಉݚڀཱ͕ͭ