A short history of the people, technology and design that contributed to modern cloud computing, and the market forces that are accelerating its adoption.
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the idea of computing as a public utility Cloud computing is the use of commodity hardware and software computing resources to delivered an infinite elastic online public utility Cloud computing service providers deliver products to consumers using variations on the following models • Software as a Service (SaaS) • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) • Platform as a Service (PaaS) What is Cloud Computing?
“Time Sharing in Large Fast Computers” at UNESCO In the late 1960s, the first hypervisors were developed at IBM which provided full virtualization by allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently as virtual machines In the 1974, Gerald Popek and Robert Goldberg published an article titled "Formal Requirements for Virtualizable Third Generation Architectures"
at Xerox PARC, and in 1980 the IEEE started project 802 In the late 1970s, Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Microsoft Corporation, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form Apple Computer Corporation, and Intel launches the 8086 microprocessor Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, Apple launches the Macintosh, Microsoft launches Windows, and Intel launches the Pentium microprocessor
ARPANET, and in the early 1970s global networking becomes a reality In the early 1980s, the TCP/IP suite emerges as the protocol for ARPANET, and the Domain Name System (DNS) establishes naming designations for websites In the early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee develops HTML, CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public, and Netscape Communications creates the first web browser In 1998, Larry Page and Sergey Brin change the way users engage the Internet with the Google search engine
dates back to the 1960s when IBM conducted a service bureau business referred to as time-sharing or utility computing The expansion of the Internet during the 1990s brought about a new class of centralized computing, called Application Service Providers (ASP) In 1999, Salesforce.com was founded by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, Dave Moellenhoff, and Frank Dominguez as a company specializing in CRM Software as a Service
to write an OS with free source code, and in 1989, the Free Software Foundation released the GNU General Public License In 1991, Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel, and in 1992 it was licensed under GNU General Public License In 1994, Marc Ewing created the Redhat distribution of Linux In 1997, Eric Raymond published "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", and in 1998 it helped to motivate Netscape to release their Communicator Internet suite as free software In the late 1990s, startups used the Apache HTTP Server, and the stack of Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP known as LAMP
product, VMware Virtual Platform, for the Intel IA-32 architecture In 2003, Xen the first open-source x86 hypervisor, created by Ian Pratt and Simon Crosby, was released to the public In 2005, Intel released two models of Pentium 4 (Model 662 and 672) as the first Intel processors to support VT-x In 2007, the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) hypervisor, created in part by Avi Kivity and Moshe Bar, was included in the Linux kernel
the "System for recovering data stored in failed memory unit." In 1985, Sun Microsystems created NFS the first widely used Internet Protocol based network file system In 1987, RAID was defined by Patterson et al. at UC Berkeley In 1991, VxFS was released by Veritas Software, on which the later Linux and HP-UX LVM implementations are based
(GFS), Doug Cutting started the Hadoop project In 2006, Amazon Web Services launched S3 In 2009, Rackspace started the development of Swift, a complete replacement for Mosso Cloud Files that is now the OpenStack Object Storage project In 2012, AWS S3 reached one trillion objects stored
Hosting service providers began hosting websites for businesses on the Internet In the mid to late 1990s, Managed Hosting and Colocation service providers began hosting Internet infrastructure In 2006, Amazon launched S3 and EC2 (created by Willem Van Biljon, Chris Pinkham, and Christopher Brown), and created a new market for cloud computing In 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA, led by Jonathan Bryce, Rick Clark, Chris Kemp, and Joshua McKenty launched the open source cloud initiative OpenStack
concepts of Evolutionary Project Management (EVO) In 1974, a paper by E. A. Edmonds introduced an adaptive software development process In the mid 1990s, Agile methods emerged as a reaction to heavyweight project management methods In 2001, 17 software developers published the Manifesto for Agile Software Development In 2005, a group headed by Alistair Cockburn and Jim Highsmith wrote the Declaration of Interdependence
in a paper at the CERN computing conference In 2005, Puppet Labs was founded by Luke Kanies In 2008, the first Velocity conference was held by O’Reilly Conferences, focusing on web performance and operations In 2008, Jesse Robbins and Adam Jacob founded Opscode In 2009, Patrick Debois started talking about DevOps, and the first DevOpsDays event was held in Belgium
create and share information and ideas in social networks Mobile - ubiquitous smartphones built on mobile operating systems transform the Internet Consumerization - information technology emerges first in the consumer market and then spreads to biz and gov Big Data - every day we create 2.5 quintillion bytes of data Cloud Computing - computing resources are delivered as a service over the Internet
of small teams to fund, mentor and train Crowdfunding - collection of funds through small contributions from many parties in order to finance a particular project or venture Business Agility - ability for business to adapt rapidly and cost effectively to changing markets and conditions Open Innovation - labs, competitions, and idea networks from both inside and outside the firm to create and profit from innovative technology
the invention of the microprocessor, and two decades into the rise of the modern Internet, all of the technology required to transform industries through software finally works and can be widely delivered at global scale." -Marc Andreessen Amazon, eBay, Craigslist, PayPal, Skype, Google, Salesforce, PLOS, iTunes, LinkedIn, Netflix, AWS, Facebook, OpenStack, KickStarter, AngelList ...
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