Execution model and other must-know's

Session in Python Bcn Meetup, Beginners session

>> Contents:
- Python execution model
- Everything is an object
- Everything is a pointer (or a reference)
- Mutable vs. immutable objects
- Common errors

>> Code examples:
https://github.com/pablito56/pybcn-beginners

Transcript

1. { Execution  model  and   other  must-­‐‑know’s “event”:      “Python  BCN  Meetup  –  Beginners  session” “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque” “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”
2. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Today  we  are  going  to  see: >  Python  execution  model >  Everything  is  an  object >  Everything  is  a  pointer  (or  a  reference) >  Mutable  vs.  immutable  objects Welcome  to  Python!
3. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  start  with  a  simple  module
4. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} a_simple_module.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn basic module example" # Module docstring from random import randint # An import class MyClass(object): # A class declaration def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): # A function declaration "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) # We execute some statements inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
5. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Modules  can  contain  any  kind  and  any  number  of   valid  Python  statements >  Classes  declaration >  Functions  declaration >  Logical  control  constructions  (if,  for,  while...) >  Function  calls >  Assignments  and  instantiations >  Etc. Python  modules
6. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  execute  this  module me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python a_simple_module.py Instance: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x10210b390> 2 5 me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python a_simple_module.py Instance: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x10104c390> 6 3 me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python a_simple_module.py Instance: <__main__.MyClass object at 0x11004a390> 9 4
7. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  import  this  module me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from a_simple_module import random_instance Instance: <a_simple_module.MyClass object at 0x10083b490> 0 4 >>> from a_simple_module import random_instance >>> another_inst = random_instance() >>> print another_inst, another_inst.attr1, another_inst.attr2 <a_simple_module.MyClass object at 0x10083b510> 5 8
8. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Modules  are  the  basic  unit  of  code  reusability >  We  can  reuse  the  content  of  modules  with  import Python  modules import module_name from package import module_name from package.module_name import name from module_name import name as another_name
9. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  import  again  the  module me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from a_simple_module import random_instance Instance: <a_simple_module.MyClass object at 0x10083b490> 0 4 >>> from a_simple_module import random_instance >>> another_inst = random_instance() >>> print another_inst, another_inst.attr1, another_inst.attr2 <a_simple_module.MyClass object at 0x10083b510> 5 8 me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from a_simple_module import inst Instance: <a_simple_module.MyClass object at 0x10d305490> 6 3
10. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  When  a  module  is  imported  for  first  time  Python   interprets  (executes)  all  its  content >  Classes  declaration >  Functions  declaration >  Logical  control  constructions  (if,  for,  while...) >  Function  calls >  Assignments  and  instantiations >  Etc. Python  execution  model
11. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  modify  our  simple  module #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn basic module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) # We execute some statements inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
12. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} a_main_module.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn main module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) if __name__ == "__main__": # Only run when module is executed inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
13. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  import  the  new  module me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from a_main_module import random_instance >>> another_inst = random_instance() >>> print another_inst, another_inst.attr1, another_inst.attr2 <a_main_module.MyClass object at 0x1082191d0> 4 4 me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from a_main_module import inst Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: cannot import name inst
14. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  When  a  module  is  imported  for  first  time  Python   interprets  (executes)  all  its  content >  Check  the  name  of  the  module  in  __name__ >  This  global  module  a5ribute  has  value  __main__  when   a  module  is  directly  executed  (instead  of  imported) Python  execution  model
15. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} All  code  is  interpreted,  also  the  if #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn main module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) if __name__ == "__main__": # Only run when module is executed inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
16. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} another_module.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn another main module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) if False: # Never interpreted!! inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
17. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  use  this  module me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python another_module.py me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python another_module.py me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> from another_module import random_instance >>> another_inst = random_instance() >>> print another_inst, another_inst.attr1, another_inst.attr2 <another_module.MyClass object at 0x10d6e4510> 10 10 >>> from another_module import inst Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: cannot import name inst
18. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Ok,  but… why  everything  is  interpreted?
19. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  use  the  interpreter me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python Python 2.7.5 (default, Aug 25 2013, 00:04:04) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.0.68)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more ... >>> def a_func(arg): ... "This is a function" ... return arg + arg ... >>> a_func(2) 4 >>> print a_func.func_doc This is a function >>> print a_func.func_name a_func >>> print type(a_func), isinstance(a_func, object) <type 'function'> True
20. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  In  Python  everything  is  an  object >  For  Python  there  is  no  difference  between… >  An  instantiation  calls  the  class  constructor  and  the   result  is  a  new  instance  (object)  of  that  class >  The  def  keyword  and  all  its  statements  are  interpreted   and  the  result  is  a  new  function  object >  The  class  keyword  and  all  its  statements  are   interpreted  and  the  result  is  a  new  class  object Python  execution  model
21. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Everything  is  an  object #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn main module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) if __name__ == "__main__": # Only run when module is executed inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
22. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Everything  is  an  object #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn main module example” from random import randint class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def random_instance(): "Create an instance of MyClass with random values" attr1_val = randint(0, 10) attr2_val = randint(0, 10) return MyClass(attr1_val, attr2_val) if __name__ == "__main__": # Only run when module is executed inst = random_instance() print "Instance:", inst, inst.attr1, inst.attr2
23. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  copy  an  object
24. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} id_function_is_example.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn 'id' function and 'is' example" class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 inst1 = MyClass(1, 1) inst2 = MyClass(2, 2) inst3 = inst1 # Copy # 'id' function returns the unique identity of an object print "Instance 1:", id(inst1), inst1.attr1, inst1.attr2 print "Instance 2:", id(inst2), inst2.attr1, inst2.attr2 print "Instance 3:", id(inst3), inst3.attr1, inst3.attr2 print inst1 is inst3 # 'is' compares the identity
25. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Did  we  copy  the  object? #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn 'id' function and 'is' example" class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 inst1 = MyClass(1, 1) inst2 = MyClass(2, 2) inst3 = inst1 # Copy? # 'id' function returns the unique identity of an object print "Instance 1:", id(inst1), inst1.attr1, inst1.attr2 print "Instance 2:", id(inst2), inst2.attr1, inst2.attr2 print "Instance 3:", id(inst3), inst3.attr1, inst3.attr2 print inst1 is inst3 # 'is' compares the identity me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python id_function_is_example.py Instance 1: 4424626832 1 1 Instance 2: 4424626896 2 2 Instance 3: 4424626832 1 1 True
26. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} No,  we  just  copied  the  reference
27. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Every  object  has  an  unchangeable  identity >  In  Python  names  are  references  bound  to  an  object >  Assignments  only  copy  the  reference  to  an  object >  Shallow  copy  is  the  default  behaviour  in  Python >  Otherwise,  use  copy.deepcopy  method >  Function  calls  only  pass  the  reference  to  the  arguments >  You  access  the  same  object  outside  and  inside  a  call >  The  same  applies  for  return  values Python  execution  model
28. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} everything_is_a_pointer.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn 'everything is a pointer' example" class MyClass(object): def __init__(self, attr1, attr2): self.attr1 = attr1 self.attr2 = attr2 def print_id_and_return(attr): print "Attr id:", id(attr) return attr inst = MyClass(3, 4) print "Instance:", id(inst) ret_val = print_id_and_return(inst) print inst is ret_val me@myhost:~/wspace/beginners$ python everything_is_a_pointer.py Instance: 4306146128 Attr id: 4306146128 True
29. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} h5p://pythontutor.com/ visualize.html
30. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Let’s  modify  some  objects  value
31. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} modify_objects_value.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn modify objects value example” txt1 = "This is text" print id(txt1), txt1 txt2 = txt1 + " and more text" # Which object is txt2? print id(txt2), txt2 print "-" * 5 int1 = 7 print id(int1), int1 int1 += 11 # Which object is int1? print id(int1), int1 print "-" * 5 list1 = ["a", "b", "c"] print id(list1), list1 list1.extend([0, 1, 2]) # In place modification list1[0] = "XXX" print id(list1), list1
32. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Assignment  copies  the  ref.  to  an  object! #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn modify objects value example” txt1 = "This is text" print id(txt1), txt1 txt2 = txt1 + " and more text" # Which object is txt2? print id(txt2), txt2 print "-" * 5 int1 = 7 print id(int1), int1 int1 += 11 # Which object is int1? print id(int1), int1 print "-" * 5 list1 = ["a", "b", "c"] print id(list1), list1 list1.extend([0, 1, 2]) # In place modification list1[0] = "XXX" print id(list1), list1 $ python modify_objects_value.py 4335119080 This is text 4335161776 This is text and more text ----- 140435402066344 7 140435402066080 18 ----- 4335009736 ['a', 'b', 'c'] 4335009736 ['XXX', 'b', 'c', 0, 1, 2]
33. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Objects  whose  value  can  change  are  mutable >  dicts,  lists,  sets >  They  allow  in-­‐‑place  modifications  (append  in  a  list,   pop  in  a  dictionary...) >  They  can  not  be  hashed  (used  as  dict  keys) >  Objects  whose  value  is  unchangeable  once  they   are  created  are  called  immutable >  numbers,  strings,  tuples,  NoneType,  boolean Mutables  vs.  immutables
34. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Ignorance  can  lead  to  bugs...
35. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} mutables_vs_immutables_1.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn mutables assignment bug example” list1 = ["a", "b", "c"] print "list1", list1, "@", id(list1) print "-" * 5 list3 = list2 = list1 list2.append("x") print "list1", list1, "@", id(list1) print "list2", list2, "@", id(list2) print "list3", list3, "@", id(list3) print "-" * 5 mtrx1 = [[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2]] print "mtrx1", mtrx1, "@", id(mtrx1) print "-" * 5 mtrx2 = list(mtrx1) mtrx2[0].append("a") print "mtrx1", mtrx1, "@", id(mtrx1) print "mtrx2", mtrx2, "@", id(mtrx2) print "-" * 5 print "mtrx1[0]", mtrx1[0], "@", id(mtrx1[0]) print "mtrx2[0]", mtrx2[0], "@", id(mtrx2[0])
36. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Shallow  copy  uses  ref.  to  same  object #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn mutables assignment bug example” list1 = ["a", "b", "c"] print "list1", list1, "@", id(list1) print "-" * 5 list3 = list2 = list1 list2.append("x") print "list1", list1, "@", id(list1) print "list2", list2, "@", id(list2) print "list3", list3, "@", id(list3) print "-" * 5 mtrx1 = [[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2]] print "mtrx1", mtrx1, "@", id(mtrx1) print "-" * 5 mtrx2 = list(mtrx1) mtrx2[0].append("a") print "mtrx1", mtrx1, "@", id(mtrx1) print "mtrx2", mtrx2, "@", id(mtrx2) print "-" * 5 print "mtrx1[0]", mtrx1[0], "@", id(mtrx1[0]) print "mtrx2[0]", mtrx2[0], "@", id(mtrx2[0]) $ python mutables_vs_immutables_1.py list1 ['a', 'b', 'c'] @ 4536893384 ----- list1 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'x'] @ 4536893384 list2 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'x'] @ 4536893384 list3 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'x'] @ 4536893384 ----- mtrx1 [[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2]] @ 4537042920 ----- mtrx1 [[1, 1, 1, 'a'], [2, 2, 2]] @ 4537042920 mtrx2 [[1, 1, 1, 'a'], [2, 2, 2]] @ 4537043928 ----- mtrx1[0] [1, 1, 1, 'a'] @ 4536943320 mtrx2[0] [1, 1, 1, 'a'] @ 4536943320
37. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} mutables_vs_immutables_2.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn class attributes bug example" class ExampleClass(object): list_attr = [] int_attr = 0 instA = ExampleClass() instB = ExampleClass() instA.int_attr += 1 instA.list_attr.extend([5, 7, 9]) print "instA.int_attr:", instA.int_attr print "instA.list_attr:", instA.list_attr print "-" * 5 print "instB.int_attr:", instB.int_attr print "instB.list_attr:", instB.list_attr print "-" * 5 print instA.list_attr is instB.list_attr print ExampleClass.list_attr
38. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Class  a5ributes  remain  in  the  class #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn class attributes bug example" class ExampleClass(object): list_attr = [] int_attr = 0 instA = ExampleClass() instB = ExampleClass() instA.int_attr += 1 instA.list_attr.extend([5, 7, 9]) print "instA.int_attr:", instA.int_attr print "instA.list_attr:", instA.list_attr print "-" * 5 print "instB.int_attr:", instB.int_attr print "instB.list_attr:", instB.list_attr print "-" * 5 print instA.list_attr is instB.list_attr print ExampleClass.list_attr $ python mutables_vs_immutables_2.py instA.int_attr: 1 instA.list_attr: [5, 7, 9] ----- instB.int_attr: 0 instB.list_attr: [5, 7, 9] ----- True [5, 7, 9]
39. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} mutables_vs_immutables_3.py #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn function default attribute bug example" def add_power_to_list(item, powers_lst=[]): powers_lst.append(item ** 2) return powers_lst print "default:", add_power_to_list.func_defaults print "-" * 5 result1 = add_power_to_list(2) print "result1:", result1 print "-" * 5 result2 = add_power_to_list(3) print "result1:", result1, 'vs', "result2", result2 print result1 is result2 print "-" * 5 print "default:", add_power_to_list.func_defaults
40. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Functions  default  values  remain  in   the  function #-*- coding: utf-8 -*- "pybcn function default attribute bug example" def add_power_to_list(item, powers_lst=[]): powers_lst.append(item ** 2) return powers_lst print "default:", add_power_to_list.func_defaults print "-" * 5 result1 = add_power_to_list(2) print "result1:", result1 print "-" * 5 result2 = add_power_to_list(3) print "result1:", result1, 'vs', "result2", result2 print result1 is result2 print "-" * 5 print "default:", add_power_to_list.func_defaults $ python mutables_vs_immutables_3.py default: ([],) ----- result1: [4] ----- result1: [4, 9] vs result2 [4, 9] True ----- default: ([4, 9],)
41. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Shallow  copy  uses  the  reference  to  the  object >  Assignment,  constructor  by  copy,  arguments  in  function  calls >  Be  aware  of  it >  Class  a5ributes  remain  in  the  class >  Create  instance  mutable  aPributes  in  __init__ >  Functions  default  values  remain  in  the  function >  Create  mutable  default  values  inside  the  function Mutables  vs.  immutables  bugs
42. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} >  Modules  can  contain  anything >  All  lines  of  code  are  interpreted >  Check  __name__ >  Everything  is  an  object >  Names  are  pointers  bound  to  objects >  Mutable  and  immutable  objects >  Take  care  with  common  bugs Conclusions
43. {  “event”:  “Python  BCN  Meetup”,  “author”:  “Pablo  Enfedaque”,  “twi5er”:  “@pablitoev56”} Q&A Thanks  for  coming! Slides:   h5ps://speakerdeck.com/pablito56/ execution-­‐‑model-­‐‑and-­‐‑other-­‐‑must-­‐‑knows   Code:   h5ps://github.com/pablito56/pybcn-­‐‑ beginners