2-_NR_37_SEG._E_SAÚDE_EM_PLAT._DE_PETRÓLEO-IOE__-_Inglês_41-75_.pdf

Transcript

1. MODULE II - TYPES OF CONTAMINATION, RISKS AND RADIATION PROTECTION What you will learn in this module: Types of Contamination Protective Measures Radiation Risks Principles and Objectives of Radiation Protection
2. Types of Contamination
3. Direct exposure occurs when the human body is exposed without protection to an external source of radiation. This can occur in workplaces that deal with sources of ionizing radiation, such as medical procedures that use X-rays or industrial facilities that use radiography for materials testing. Direct exposure can result in significant doses of absorbed radiation, especially if there are no adequate barriers or protections, such as lead aprons or physical shielding. Direct Exposure
4. Cell damage and DNA changes, which can lead to cancer. Protective Measures Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), such as lead aprons. Limit the time of exposure to the radiation source. Implementation of physical barriers and safety zones. Risks
5. Contact refers to contamination by radioactive substances, which can adhere to the skin or clothing. This is common in scenarios where radioactive materials are handled directly, or where leaks or spills occur. Contact
6. Risks External contamination that can become internal if not properly managed, such as through open wounds or by touching the mouth with contaminated hands. Protective Measures Use of protective clothing that prevents direct contact with radioactive materials. Strict hygiene and decontamination protocols.
7. Risks Inhalation Inhalation of radioactive materials is particularly dangerous because small particles can be breathed in and deposited directly in the lungs. This often occurs in uranium mines or in industrial settings where radioactive dusts or aerosols are produced. Risks Deposition of radionuclides in the lungs, potentially causing lung damage or cancer.
8. Ventilation and filtration systems to control and minimize the presence of radioactive aerosols. Protective Measures Suitable respirators and masks that filter radioactive particles.
9. Ingestion
10. Risks
11. STRICT MONITORING AND CONTROL OF FOOD AND WATER QUALITY IN ENVIRONMENTS PRONE TO RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION. EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN FOOD HYGIENE AND SAFETY PRACTICES TO PREVENT INADVERTENT INGESTION OF CONTAMINANTS.
13. RADIATION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH IN THE PERFORMANCE OF FUNCTIONS THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO RADIATION DUE TO PERFORMING DUTIES IN ENVIRONMENTS WHERE IONIZING RADIATION IS A CONCERN. WE WILL PROVIDE A FULL EXPLANATION OF THESE RISKS AND THE NECESSARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES.
18. Protective Measures Learn about all the protection measures: Regular monitoring of radiation levels in the workplace is essential to ensure they remain within safe limits. Workers should wear personal dosimeters to track their cumulative exposure and ensure they do not exceed recommended dose limits.
19. Protective Measures The use of PPE, such as protective clothing, gloves and masks, is crucial to protect workers from radiation contamination. In cases of direct handling of radioactive sources, appropriate shielding must be used to minimize exposure.
23. OPTIMIZATION (ALARA - AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE) JUSTIFICATION Any practice that increases radiation exposure must outweigh the risks. This implies that any unnecessary exposure is avoided and that the benefits of exposure justify the potential harms. Radiation exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and social factors. This is achieved by controlling individual and collective doses, using operational dose constraints to limit exposure to individuals through controlled practices. PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF RADIATION PROTECTION Radiation protection is based on three fundamental principles:
24. DOSE LIMITATION Dose limits are established to ensure that no individual is subjected to unacceptable risks from radiation exposure. These limits are set to protect both the public and occupationally exposed workers. PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF RADIATION PROTECTION Radiation protection is based on three fundamental principles:
25. Objectives of Radiation Protection The main objective of radiation protection is to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. This is accomplished by preventing deterministic effects (e.g. radiation burns) and reducing the incidence of stochastic effects (e.g. cancer) to an acceptable level. Another objective is to respond appropriately to radiological emergency situations, minimizing exposures and their consequences.
26. Radiation Protection Factors Radiation protection factors include:
27. It includes measures such as limiting exposure time, increasing the distance from radiation sources and using adequate shielding to reduce the dose received. Exposure Control
28. It involves ensuring that all radiation sources are safe and comply with national and international regulations. Radiation Source Safety
29. It includes the use of personal protective equipment, adequate training for workers and measures to protect the general public. Operator and Public Protection
30. Ongoing training in radiation protection is vital to ensure that workers understand the risks associated with radiation and know how to mitigate them effectively. Training
31. These basic notions are fundamental for the understanding and practical application of radiological protection techniques in various fields, from medical facilities to nuclear power plants, ensuring the safety of operators and the public. Notions of Shielding Calculation
32. Gamma radiation is discussed with a focus on how to calculate the shielding required to attenuate this form of radiation, which is uncharged and highly penetrating. Calculations for gamma radiation shielding involve determining the appropriate thickness and material to reduce the radiation intensity to safe levels. The equations used take into account factors such as the linear attenuation coefficient of the material and the intensity of the radiation source. Gamma Radiation
33. For X-rays, the approach is similar to gamma radiation, but with specific attention to typical X-ray energies used in medical and industrial applications. The calculation of X-ray shielding also considers the attenuation coefficient, but may take into account specific characteristics of X-ray equipment, such as operating voltage and current. X-rays
34. Shielding for beta particles (electrons) is handled differently due to their mass and charge. Beta particles have a much lower penetration capacity compared to gamma and X-rays. The documentation mentions that materials such as plastic or glass may be sufficient to block beta particles, and calculations are discussed to determine the required thickness of these less dense materials. Beta particles
35. Neutron shielding is complex due to the neutral nature of neutrons, which are not easily attenuated by common materials such as lead. The documentation discusses the use of hydrogen- containing materials, such as water or polyethylene, for neutron shielding, as hydrogen effectively slows down and captures neutrons. Neutrons