diagnostic or therapeutic benefits they may produce against the corresponding detriment, taking into account the risks and benefits of available alternative techniques that do not involve exposure.
way that neither the effective dose nor the equivalent dose in the organs or tissues of interest, caused by the possible combination of exposures arising from authorized practices, exceeds the dose limit specified in the following table, except in special circumstances, authorized by CNEN.
of 12/22/77, Ordinance 3214 of June 8, 1978 and MTB Ordinance 1,084/2018, an additional unhealthiness payment is provided for when radiation levels are above tolerance limits.
with exposure to ionizing radiation, whether industrial or naturally occurring, must be marked with the international symbol (trefoil) and the supplementary warning, recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA, as per Annex II of NR-37.
NR and NR-34 does not exempt compliance with other provisions established by the standards of the National Nuclear Energy Commission - CNEN, or, in the absence thereof, the provisions set forth in national and international technical standards and regulations, in that order. The facility operator must ensure that contracted companies that handle or use equipment with radioactive sources are licensed by CNEN.
standards must be removed from activities involving radiation exposure and evaluated in accordance with the PCMSO. The return of the absent worker to work involving ionizing radiation will depend on authorization from the examining physician who is a specialist in this area, through a record in the employee's ASO. Before starting work involving a radioactive source or material, the facility operator must require copies of the ASOs concerning its workers from the contractor. Before accessing supervised and controlled areas, workers must be formally authorized by the SR. The facility operator must ensure that workers exposed to ionizing radiation are trained in accordance with CNEN standards and under the responsibility of the SR.
provide a medical service specialized in the type and proportions of radioactive sources and materials present, in order to ensure medical supervision for workers exposed to ionizing radiation and appropriate treatment for those involved in accidents. Specialized medical service The specialized medical service may be provided by a legally qualified professional with proficiency in the subject or by a specialized company hired, as long as they are under the coordination of the doctor responsible for the PCMSO.
the Radiation Protection Plan - PR approved by CNEN, under the technical responsibility of the SPR duly certified by CNEN. The PR must also include: be unique to each platform; be coordinated with the PGR of the facility operator and service providers whose outsourced workers are exposed to radiation; be considered in the preparation and implementation of the PCMSO; be presented to the CIPLAT of the installation operator and outsourced companies, where applicable, with a copy attached to the minutes of that committee; be considered in the platform's Emergency Response Plan - PRE, described in chapter 37.28 of this NR;
or suspected occurrence of accidents, the facility operator must ensure that measures are taken for the immediate evaluation of workers, according to CNEN standards.
exposure to ionizing radiation, with a view to making the necessary adjustments and establishing new goals and priorities, the PR must be evaluated: annually; when reviewing the PGR; whenever an accident occurs, emergency situations occur or illness is detected due to exposure to ionizing radiation.
store food, drinks and personal belongings in places where they are handled, transported, stored or where there is a risk of contamination by radioactive materials. The facility operator must ensure the hygiene and maintenance of clothing and other PPE used in activities with radioactive materials, as well as their decontamination or immediate replacement when damaged or lost. Immediately after the end of the service or after stopping for meals, the facility operator must ensure an appropriate place to change work clothes for clean ones, according to CNEN standards.
execution of services and operations involving ionizing radiation, the facility operator must prepare the specific PR, which, in addition to what is foreseen in the needs discussed previously in the course, must contain at least: the characteristics of the radioactive source; the characteristics of the equipment; the list of workers involved; calculation memories of physical isolation distances in open installations; the handling and storage method of the radioactive source on board; the procedures, equipment and accessories to be used in accident or emergency situations.
specific PR may be prepared by the service provider in accordance with CNEN standards, with the facility operator being responsible for ensuring compliance. NO 37 The operator of the facility and the company responsible for services and operations involving ionizing radiation must adopt the following measures:
associated with the radiation source; Assessment of the location, classification and signage of supervised, controlled and physically isolated areas; Installation of adequate physical means to delimit supervised and controlled areas, preventing access by unauthorized workers; Definition of alarms in the Emergency Response Plan - PRE; Identification and signage of circulation, entry and exit routes and escape routes within supervised and controlled areas; Adequate and emergency lighting in supervised areas, controlled areas and on circulation routes where services and operations involving ionizing radiation are being carried out; Signaling and physical isolation of locations intended for radioactive sources and waste.
exposure to radioactive sources, the following measures must be adopted: Exposure of the smallest possible number of workers to carry out the activity; 1. Execution of the service in accordance with the instructions of the work permit; 2. Tasks may only be performed by authorized Occupationally Exposed Individuals - IOE; 3. immediate interruption of service in the event of a change in conditions that makes it potentially dangerous, in accordance with NR 37. 4. immediate interruption of activity and removal of the source for exposures above the limit established by Annex No. 5 (Ionizing Radiation) of NR-15 (Unhealthy Activities and Operations); 5. decontamination, reassessment and resizing of the area and exposure time, before restarting the activity, if the situation mentioned in the option above occurs. 6.
and store the source safely, in a segregated, locked, demarcated, signposted location, with low circulation of people and monitored for the levels of radiation emitted; assess the radiation level in the area where the service was performed, in accordance with the PR; proceed with the release of supervised and controlled areas, removing isolation and signage.
and store the source safely, in a segregated, locked, demarcated, signposted location, with low circulation of people and monitored for the levels of radiation emitted; assess the radiation level in the area where the service was performed, in accordance with the PR; proceed with the release of supervised and controlled areas, removing isolation and signage.
that the facility operator carries out an assessment of the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials in the work environment that may pose risks to the health of workers, in accordance with CNEN standards. The facility operator must identify the operations and locations where radiation exposure or incorporation may occur, the trajectories of the radioactive material and its means of propagation, and adopt the preventive measures prescribed in CNEN standards.
up, the frequency of which must meet, at a minimum, the review of the PGR. Monitoring should be carried out in places where naturally occurring radioactive materials are present, especially in:
the unit, preventive measures guided by the SPR must be adopted, considering the possibility of the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials. The removed waste must be characterized in accordance with CNEN standards. 1. Based on the analysis of the radioactive material, the facility operator must identify the types of radiation and their potential harm to humans, as well as measures to ensure the safety and health of workers exposed to ionizing radiation. 2. If collective protection and operational and administrative measures do not reduce exposure levels and incorporation to the dose values provided for in CNEN standards, the facility operator must reassess the platform design and implement engineering solutions to ensure compliance. 3. The facility operator must ensure that service providers carrying out cleaning activities at sites where naturally occurring radioactive materials may be present comply with CNEN standards. 4.
the unit, preventive measures guided by the SPR must be adopted, considering the possibility of the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials. The removed waste must be characterized in accordance with CNEN standards. 1. Based on the analysis of the radioactive material, the facility operator must identify the types of radiation and their potential harm to humans, as well as measures to ensure the safety and health of workers exposed to ionizing radiation. 2. If collective protection and operational and administrative measures do not reduce exposure levels and incorporation to the dose values provided for in CNEN standards, the facility operator must reassess the platform design and implement engineering solutions to ensure compliance. 3. The facility operator must ensure that service providers carrying out cleaning activities at sites where naturally occurring radioactive materials may be present comply with CNEN standards. 4.
passive contamination of workers not involved in activities with naturally occurring radioactive material. Additional measures to those mentioned above must be implemented to control the risk of contamination of water, food and air conditioning by naturally occurring radioactive materials, when recognized in the PGR, in accordance with NR-09.
and work equipment. If internal contamination by naturally occurring radioactive material is found, the platform's PCMSO must include blood and excreta analyses and, if necessary, a full- body counter examination to be carried out by institutions authorized by CNEN.
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, both in the generation of electrical energy and in medicine, industry, agriculture and research, the acceptance of nuclear technology continues to encounter resistance within society, due to the fear of nuclear or radiological accidents. Accidents caused by technical failure have a very low probability of occurring, given the reliability of equipment and safety systems used in the nuclear sector. However, practice has shown that most serious accidents, such as those in Chernobyl and Goiânia, are caused by procedural failure, i.e. human error.
illustrated below. The lowest levels (1 – 3), called incidents, are nuclear occurrences restricted to the Installation area and which did not affect the external area. The highest levels (4 – 7), called accidents, reflect events whose nuclear impact reached the external area of the Installation. Events that have no significance from a safety point of view, classified as level 0 or below the Scale, are called deviations and may indicate the degradation of some protective barriers.
accident, 134 received high doses of radiation (0.7-13.4 Gy), with 30 workers and firefighters dying in the first few weeks after the accident; During 1986 and 1987, 200,000 people involved in decontamination work received doses between 0.01 Gy and 0.5 Gy and still require medical monitoring today; About 116,000 people were evacuated in 1986, and after that another 220,000 from neighboring regions were transferred to other locations; The incidence of thyroid cancer in individuals who were exposed as children (around 1800), particularly those from severely contaminated areas, was found to be considerably higher than expected before the accident; After 17 years, it was not possible to determine the percentage increase in the population of cancer and other diseases associated with ionizing radiation resulting from this accidental exposure of individuals. VICTIMS
to that from 500 atomic bombs of the size of the one dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima; Isolation of an area around Chernobyl, maintained to the present, with a radius of 30km, called the “Exclusion Zone”; Soil and water contamination in numerous European countries; In the five years following the accident, the concentration of radioactivity in plants, fish and water decreased by 90%. However, in the 1990s, contamination decreased very little and still remains high, according to measurements taken in England and Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
levels above normal for the region; 20 people were hospitalized (one of them had their right forearm amputated); 4 dead in the first 2 months after the accident and another 3 dead a few years later. VICTIMS
and fruits within a radius of approximately 50 meters of the main sources of contamination. Trees were uprooted and a large amount of highly contaminated soil was excavated and replaced with “clean soil”; Contamination by Cs-137, through the rainwater and sewage systems, of sections of the rivers, streams and creeks located in the vicinity of the contaminated areas. Fortunately, the water supplying the region was not affected; Around 1,700 tons of radioactive waste (packaged in containers and drums) were generated as a result of the accident, having been temporarily stored and, around ten years later, deposited in a repository built in Abadia de Goiás, 20 km from Goiânia. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
in other States; The export of Brazilian products was harmed; The construction and control of the Abadia de Goiás deposit cost the country around 15 million dollars; Victims of the accident have been receiving financial assistance from the government. ECONOMIC IMPACT
isolating the area and notifying the Competent Authorities are priority actions to be taken promptly. In general, the following measures should be taken in the initial, intermediate and final phases of a radiological accident, as applicable. PHASES OF AN ACCIDENT INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
actions and an initial assessment of the severity of the event, including the characteristics of each radioactive source involved, in order to guide the measures to be taken to regain control of the situation, namely: Rescue and medical assistance to victims; Control of fire and water used in fighting fires; Establishment of a communication channel between the accident site and the Competent Authorities; Monitoring of irradiation and contamination levels; Isolation of affected areas; Preliminary evaluation of the event. INITIAL PHASE
radionuclide involved in the event and on the radiometric survey carried out on site, thus enabling decision-making to control the radiological emergency situation, highlighting: Control access to the accident site; Use of personal protective equipment and establishment of safety procedures for personnel involved in rescue and decontamination work; Shelter and evacuation; Personnel decontamination; Initial decontamination of areas; Food and water control. INTERMEDIATE OR CONTROL PHASE
measures to protect workers, the general public and the environment, the Competent Authority must declare the end of the emergency phase, using the available communication channels (newspaper, radio, television). In this phase, the final work of decontamination and restoration of the affected areas, management of the radioactive waste generated and medical monitoring of the victims must continue. FINAL OR POST- EMERGENCY PHASE OR RECOVERY PHASE
measures to protect workers, the general public and the environment, the Competent Authority must declare the end of the emergency phase, using the available communication channels (newspaper, radio, television). In this phase, the final work of decontamination and restoration of the affected areas, management of the radioactive waste generated and medical monitoring of the victims must continue. FINAL OR POST- EMERGENCY PHASE OR RECOVERY PHASE
users of ionizing radiation sources to prevent, as far as possible, the occurrence of incidents and accidents, plans for action in emergency situations must be drawn up in order to limit the consequences of any abnormal occurrence, incident or accident that can be foreseen as far as possible. PROCEDURES
established based on the results of an analysis of probable accidents, taking into account lessons learned from operational experience and accidents that have occurred with similar radiation sources. CONTENT
types of admissible accidents, including their detection system, the topics covered below, as appropriate. PLAN AND EVENTUALITY The Emergency Plan must demonstrate that, in the event of an incident or accident involving ionizing radiation, appropriate measures will be taken to ensure the health and safety of the public.
process of responding to a radiological incident or accident must be very well established, in particular the authorities and the hierarchy to be respected, in order to enable harmonious management of the intervention process. Furthermore, the people designated to act in incidents/accidents must be adequately trained and familiar with their specific tasks. To this end, the procedures contained in the Plans must be rehearsed through periodic accident simulation exercises, and it is important that other people and authorities whose assistance may be needed in the event of a real accident participate in these simulations. RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFYING COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNICATING WITH THE PUBLIC
extremely important in order to limit its consequences, and instructions to be followed for communication with bodies that can provide immediate assistance (Fire Department, Hospitals, Police, etc.) must be easily accessible. RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFYING COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNICATING WITH THE PUBLIC
a structure set up to investigate radiological events, and can provide data to guide the local team involved and send specialists to assess the magnitude of the event or, if necessary, trigger its emergency response system. RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFYING COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNICATING WITH THE PUBLIC
that a single spokesperson be designated to keep the public informed about the accident and its consequences, as well as about the actions that may be taken by the authorities involved in controlling the emergency, thus avoiding the dissemination of erroneous, contradictory or alarmist information. RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFYING COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNICATING WITH THE PUBLIC
increase in dose resulting from a procedure adopted without protective action may lead to the exposure of individuals, over a given period of time, to levels of radiation that may cause serious damage, the intervention is fully justified and aims to reduce or even avoid this exposure. RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES FOR NOTIFYING COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AND COMMUNICATING WITH THE PUBLIC
that govern the selection of intervention levels for radiological emergencies recommended internationally, suggests some values of intervention levels for taking urgent protective actions, as follows.
implementation of relevant protective actions, taking into account, however, that certain dose values, for which intervention is almost always necessary, must not be exceeded. INTERVENTION LEVEL VALUES
radionuclides present in water, foodstuffs, crops, etc. and which would imply the adoption of protective or remedial actions, such as, for example, removal or replacement of specific supplies of food, water, etc., must be optimized, but must not exceed, without justification, the values recommended by the IAEA, as per the table.
is usually the first step to be taken to prevent laypeople from accessing the site, protecting the public from possible external radiation, inhalation of airborne radionuclides and inadvertent ingestion of radioactive material resulting from contact with contaminated surfaces. GENERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR FOODSTUFFS AREA ISOLATION, SHIELDING, EVACUATION
of control should be considered by the technical personnel involved in the rescue. A simple example of how to regain control of a source is to use metal containers to store radioactive material that has lost its shielding. Sealed sources can also be immersed in a bucket of water or sand to reduce exposure rates. In the case of small contaminated areas, blankets, plastic or other suitable materials can be used to cover the affected area and prevent dispersion. THE POSSIBILITY OF PROVIDING SHIELDING FOR THE RADIOACTIVE SOURCE
to evacuate people must be taken by the Competent Authority, taking into account the technical opinions of professionals in the nuclear sector. THE POSSIBILITY OF PROVIDING SHIELDING FOR THE RADIOACTIVE SOURCE
immediately, by removing clothing and bathing them with plenty of water, and then seeking specialized medical assistance. Contaminated clothing and other materials should be collected for later decontamination or treatment as radioactive waste. DECONTAMINATION OF PERSONNEL AND AREAS
used for personnel decontamination and those adopted for material and area decontamination, respectively. Decontamination should be initiated by the first method listed, i.e. the simplest, and, if necessary, continued using the others, listed in increasing order of severity.
workers to radiation levels that result in doses higher than the respective primary limits established by CNEN must be notified to that Competent Authority, as a matter of urgency, and recorded in a specific book, on the same day of the occurrence, and all communications and reports must be kept on file, together with the results of the investigations carried out. Reports of abnormal occurrences must be evaluated by the Competent Authority with the aim of extracting lessons from the incident and introducing improvements in the area of security. The detailed situation report must contain, where applicable, at least the following information:
of each piece of equipment generating ionizing radiation and each radionuclide involved, with their respective activity; Identification of people involved and/or irradiated/contaminated areas; Causes of the event and reconstruction of the accident, including, if possible, photographic documentation or sketch; Estimation of doses received by the people involved and measures taken with respect to individuals exposed to radiation; Results of clinical and laboratory tests performed and individual meters requested on an urgent basis; Planning made for return to normal situation; Measures to be taken to prevent recurrence; Statements about the event signed by the people involved.
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