5-_NR_37_SEG._E_SAÚDE_EM_PLAT._DE_PETRÓLEO-IOE__-_Inglês__198-255.pdf

Transcript

1. MODULE V - FIRST AID, TRANSPORT AND UN CLASSIFICATION Fire protection and first aid procedure
3. From this perspective, it should always be borne in mind that a fire can be the vector for a radioactive accident with much more serious consequences and that protection from radionuclides with a greater radiological risk may be more urgent than certain classic fire-extinguishing operations. FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRST AID PROCEDURE
4. Warning Sign In order to speed up fire-fighting actions, the nature of the fire and its precise location (building, floor, room, etc.), its proportions, the number of victims and any other information considered useful must be indicated when the Alert is given about the fire. ALERT
5. Security Team Safety personnel must, by available means, contact the facility's Radiological Protection Service, the Medical Service, etc., as established in the Fire Protection Plan, and apply any special instructions provided, such as giving the evacuation signal. ALERT
6. Skin decontamination falls within the clinical sphere; the instructions determining the emergency measures to be taken in the event of skin contamination must therefore be drawn up by the physician at the nuclear or radiation facility. The application of such instructions does not exempt the victim from presenting himself, within the shortest possible time, for a medical examination, which becomes even more necessary because certain radionuclides can cause more complex clinical problems. FIRST AID IN CASE OF EXTERNAL RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION
8. HANDS soap thoroughly for 2 to 3 minutes, using mild, pure soap free of abrasives (spaces between the fingers, around the nails, outer edge of the hands); rinse with warm water for 1 minute; soap again for 2 minutes and rinse for 1 minute; monitor. if necessary, continue soaping, with gentle brushing, for 2 minutes, avoiding any scratches and rinse for 1 minute, repeating these operations twice; monitor; wash for 2 minutes with 3% citric acid solution; rinse for 1 minute; repeat the above operation; smear with lanolin; soap, brush gently, rinse (twice); monitor. LOCALIZED CONTAMINATION, NO ASSOCIATED INJURY
9. The same procedure established for the hands can be adopted. You should not take a shower right away, but rather decontaminate the affected areas initially. Particularly with regard to isolated hair contamination, you should initially wash your head with soap and then, if necessary, with citric acid. Only after removing the isolated contamination should the other parts of the body be washed. Do not take a bath unless you have been monitored and have received approval from the person responsible for radiation protection or the establishment's medical service. OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY
10. Courteous Bleed under running water as quickly as possible; Alert the radiation protection supervisor. LOCALIZED CONTAMINATION WITH ASSOCIATED SLIGHT INJURY
12. Wash the skin as quickly as possible with plenty of water and the eyes with saline solution; 1. In the case of acid burns, neutralize the skin with a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution and the mucous membranes and eyes with a 2% sodium bicarbonate solution; 2. In the case of burns caused by hydroxides, neutralize the skin with a 1% acetic acid solution as well as the mucous membranes and eyes with a 2% boric acid solution; 3. For burns with phosphorus, use a 5% copper sulfate solution for the skin and a 2% copper sulfate solution for the mucous membranes and eyes. 4. CHEMICAL BURNS
14. Before any intervention, the person who will provide assistance to the victim must protect, mainly, their hands, eyes and respiratory tract, using the material available: gloves, safety glasses, autonomous masks, overalls, aprons, etc. Emergency first aid actions must precede any others that may be required. In all cases, the instructions exemplified below must be established in agreement with the facility physician. CORROSIVE LIQUID BURNS
15. Use eye showers or other similar devices, or wash thoroughly in running water. EYES
16. Remove the impregnated clothing, if necessary, by cutting it, and, if possible, under the shower; 1. Spray or bathe the affected body parts with a solution that neutralizes the corrosive liquid; 2. Wash thoroughly in running water; 3. Repeat the operation if necessary; 4. Do not wipe; 5. Alert the medical service; 6. Transport the victim to the medical or hospital service. 7. Use pressurized water to dilute and remove corrosive liquids. Note that certain products cannot be disposed of directly into the environment (sewers, waterways, etc.). If there is a risk of radioactive contamination, consult the facility's Radiological Protection Service or the National Nuclear Energy Commission; 8. Air or ventilate the area. 9. BODY AND LIMBS
18. Diffuse Contamination without Associated Injury If contamination has been detected in individuals, the following must be done: Remove and pack clothing; If possible, carry out monitoring before taking a shower (without delaying the shower); Take a warm shower, then soap your entire body, brush gently and rinse; Repeat these operations three times, for a total duration of 15 minutes; Carefully wash skin folds, nail contours and holes; cut nails very short; Dry without rubbing, with a clean towel; Carry out monitoring, under the control of the radiological protection supervisor; Wear clean clothes and undergo medical check-ups. OTHER CONTAMINATION AND INJURIES
19. Avoid any clumsy initiatives. In most cases, the injury is the main emergency, meaning that conventional medical care takes priority over procedures to decontaminate the victim; Follow the instructions of the radiation protection supervisor and the establishment's medical service. Some standard procedures must be followed, in particular, in the following cases: 1. Severe vascular hemorrhage: apply a tourniquet (note the time); Fracture of limbs: do not move the affected segment; Spinal fracture: do not move the victim, let him/her rest on a rigid surface; Thermal or electrical burns: do not remove clothing unless it becomes contaminated. Cut it up if necessary; Chemical burns: Cut out and remove any areas of clothing that are soaked. Neutralize the caustic or acidic product. SERIOUS INJURY WITH ASSOCIATED EXTERNAL CONTAMINATION
20. Take all appropriate measures to prevent possible spread of contamination. Therefore: Wrap the victim in a bag or vinyl sheet to prevent the dispersion of radioactive material, in case of transport by ambulance; Protect the victim and the rescue team from internal contamination; Clearly indicate the nature of the radioactive hazard by means of a poster attached to the victim when the victim is removed from the protective covering upon arrival at the hospital. These measures listed above do not, of course, exclude urgent first aid measures. MOVING OR TRANSPORTING AN INFECTED PERSON
21. In the event of fire reaching a person, the following procedures must be adopted: Quickly immobilize the victim by laying him/her on the ground; Smother the flames using a blanket, coat, shirt, etc.; Alert the medical service or transport the victim to the medical service or hospital; Alert the facility's Radiological Protection Service. FIRE ON A PERSON
22. While waiting for help to arrive, the victim should be kept lying down in a calm place and should not: Touch the burns; Apply any product to the burns; and Remove the victim's clothing. If there is any risk of contamination, the victim must be wrapped in a plastic sheet* to be transported to the medical or hospital service. It is important, at all times, to ensure that the airways remain clear. FIRE ON A PERSON *Preferably use a plastic that is not likely to produce corrosive vapors when destroyed in an active incinerator.
23. People who are going to work in the presence of harmful vapors or gases must: Use self-contained masks or, if these are not available, appropriate filters; Wear complete personal protective equipment; Eliminate the cause of the accident as soon as possible; Quickly remove anyone without protection or who is useless for intervention from the area; Air or ventilate affected areas as much as possible, unless there is a specific contraindication; Quickly remove any victim from the polluted atmosphere, keeping them lying down in a calm place; Do not perform artificial respiration. EMISSION OF IRRITATING OR SUFFOCATING VAPORS OR GASES
24. Electrocution - Asphyxiation In order to provide assistance to victims of electrocution or asphyxiation, the first step is to turn off the electrical circuit in question or the main switch, or eliminate the cause of the asphyxiation. The victim must be removed from the scene and transported to a medical facility or hospital, and specific instructions prescribed by the facility's physician must be followed. EMISSION OF IRRITATING OR SUFFOCATING VAPORS OR GASES
25. Electrocution - Asphyxiation The following precautions must also be taken: If the victim is breathing, lay him/her on a stretcher and force him/her to remain still; If the victim is not breathing, perform artificial respiration until help arrives; Do not administer anything to the victim before transporting them to the medical service or hospital; Protect the victim from the cold; If there is any possibility of contamination, wrap the victim in a plastic sheet * to be transported to the medical or hospital service; Ensure that the airways remain unobstructed. Preferably use a plastic that is not likely to produce corrosive vapors when destroyed in an active incinerator. EMISSION OF IRRITATING OR SUFFOCATING VAPORS OR GASES
26. The development of the nuclear industry, from 1950 onwards, and the consequent movement of radioactive materials between countries highlighted the need to develop standards and sign an international agreement, in order to guarantee safety in the transportation, storage in transit and handling of these materials belonging to Class 7 of dangerous products, according to the classification of the United Nations, UN. TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
27. THE TABLE CAN BE CHECKED BELOW:
28. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), with the help of experts from several countries, began in 1959 to draft the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials, Safety Series No. 6, first published in 1961. This regulation has gained wide international acceptance and has been periodically revised ever since, with the 1985 revision forming the basis of the CNEN legislation on the subject. The 1996 IAEA revision was published as Safety Standards Series No. ST-1. This same regulation, with minor editorial corrections, was published as Safety Standards Series, No. TS-R-1 (ST-1, Revised) in 2000. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS REGULATING THE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
29. The first convention on the safety of life at sea, known as SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) and held in 1914, established the prohibition of the transport of products which, due to their nature, quantity and method of storage, could endanger the lives of passengers or the safety of the ship. The International Maritime Organization, created in 1958, convened a conference with the aim of revising the SOLAS Convention. As a result, in 1960 a chapter was added that dealt exclusively with the maritime transport of dangerous goods. In 1961, a working group was set up to draw up a Code for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea (International Maritime Dangerous Goods, IMDG), a code that has been consolidated, since 1990, in four volumes. IMO (INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION)
30. ICAO, a United Nations organization, and IATA, formed by airlines, are entities responsible for adopting regulations for the air transport of dangerous products. ICAO was founded in 1944 at the Chicago Convention and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Its main objective is to develop practical standards and recommendations, in the form of instructions, applicable to all areas of civil aviation, consolidated in a publication known as the “Orange Book”. IATA, the association representing the world's airlines, was founded by the Canadian Parliament in 1945 to ensure flight safety. In 1983, this Association adopted the ICAO technical instructions, adding some items to them, and published a document entitled “Dangerous Goods Regulation”, DGR, which is published annually. ICAO (INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION) E IATA (INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION)
31. The Universal Postal Union resulted from a convention held in Bern, Switzerland, in 1894, and is currently a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Bern. According to the UPU, a shipment involving radioactive materials, with activity not exceeding 1/10 of the limits established by the IAEA for excepted materials, may be accepted for international postal transport, provided that: It is deposited in the postal service by senders authorized by the Competent Authority of the country; Be shipped by the fastest route, usually by air; Present a white label affixed to the outer surface of the package, containing the words “radioactive material”, which must be crossed out if the package is being returned empty. On the side, indicate the name and address to which the shipment should be returned if the recipient cannot be located. UPU (UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION)
32. Standard CNEN-NE-5.01 was prepared based on the Regulation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, “Safety Series No. 6”, Revision 1985, and was structured to avoid: The dispersion of radioactive material and its possible ingestion or inhalation, both during normal transport and in the event of an accident; The danger due to the radiation emitted by the packaging; The emergence of a nuclear chain reaction; Exposure of the package to high temperatures and the consequent degradation of the radioactive material. A STANDARD CNEN-NE-5.01
33. Ensuring that the containment of the packaged material for transporting radioactive material is adequate to prevent its dispersion, ingestion or inhalation. The activity, in Bq, and the nature of the contents must be taken into account when the packaging is being designed. Controlling the external radiation level by incorporating shielding into the packaging and signaling the level of radiation existing externally. The maximum level of external radiation must be considered when labeling, marking and segregating; THESE GOALS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
34. Controlling the configuration of packages containing fissile material, based on the design specifications and the nuclear subcriticality assessment of the package arrangement; Avoiding high temperatures on the surface of the package and damage resulting from heat. The maximum temperature of the contents and the surface of the package is controlled by using suitable materials and by adopting storage methods that ensure the necessary heat dissipation. THESE GOALS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
37. Radioactive materials in special form include non-dispersive solid radioactive material and radioactive material enclosed in a sealed capsule, both having at least one dimension of no less than 5 mm and which do not break or shatter under impact, percussion, bending tests, nor melt or disperse when subjected to thermal testing, tests detailed in Standard CNEN-NE-5.01 and summarized below. It is important to emphasize that sealed capsules must be produced in such a way that they can only be opened by destroying them. SPECIAL FORM RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
38. The sample must fall, in free fall, from a height of nine meters onto a flat and resistant target. IMPACT TEST
39. The sample must be placed on a lead plate supported by a smooth and solid surface and must be struck vertically by the flat face of a steel bar with a circular section, in order to produce an impact equivalent to that of a mass of 1.4 kg in free fall, from 1 m in height. PERCUSSION REHEARSAL
40. The sample must be rigidly fixed in a horizontal position in such a way that half of its length protrudes from the clamping device. This free end must be struck by the flat face of a circular steel bar in order to produce an impact equivalent to that of a mass of 1.4 kg in free fall, from a height of 1 m. It is only applicable to long and thin fonts, whose length is not less than 10 cm and which have a minimum length to width ratio of not less than 10. FLEXION TEST
41. It consists of heating the sample in air until it reaches a temperature of 800° C, and it must be maintained at that temperature for 10 minutes, after which the sample must be allowed to cool naturally. THERMAL TESTS
43. The type of packaging for transporting radioactive material, with a view to ensuring adequate performance of the respective packaging in terms of its integrity, must be selected from among four primary types, specifying, in each case, whether the package contains fissile material: PACKAGING TYPE SELECTION
44. Exceptionally Packaged - Packaged in which the packaging, of the common industrial or commercial type, contains a small quantity of radioactive material, with activity limited by the transport standard. Industrial Packaging - Packaging in which the reinforced industrial type packaging contains low specific activity material, BAE, or surface contaminated object, OCS, with activity limited by the Transport Standard, and may be Type EI-1, EI-2 and EI-3. Type A Packaged - Packaged consisting of packaging designed to withstand normal transportation conditions with the required degree of retention of containment and shielding integrity, after submission to the tests specified in Standard CNEN-NE-5.01 and which meets the additional requirements relating to the limitation of radioactive content. Type B Packaging – Packaging consisting of packaging designed to withstand the damaging effects of a transport accident with the required degree of retention of containment and shielding integrity, after submission to the tests specified in the Transport Standard. PACKAGING TYPE SELECTION
45. The Transport Index, IT, is a number assigned to a package, packaged package, tank or container containing radioactive material, for the purpose of establishing, as applicable: control of radiation exposure and nuclear criticality; radioactive content limits; categories for labeling; requirements for exclusive use of the means of transport; spacing requirements during storage in transit; mixing restrictions during transport carried out under special transport approval and during storage in transit; the number of packages permitted in a container or on a means of transport. OPERATIONAL CONTROLS - TRANSPORT INDEX
46. Transport Index: based on radiation exposure control, it is the number that expresses the maximum dose rate, in mrem/h, at one meter from the external surface of a package. This value should be rounded up to the first decimal place (1.23 should be considered 1.3) except when equal to or less than 0.05, in which case it can be estimated as zero. For tanks, containers, or unpackaged BAE-I or OCS-I material, the value determined above should be multiplied by the appropriate factor, based on the table below: OPERATIONAL CONTROLS - TRANSPORT INDEX
47. For a package of packaged items, the Transport Index is equal to the sum of the Transport Indexes of each packaged item. Except in the case of shipments under Exclusive Use mode (i.e., exclusive use by a single shipper of a means of transport), the IT of each individual package, or package of packages, must not exceed 10 and the maximum radiation level at any point on the external surface of the package, or package of packages, must not exceed 2 mSv/h (200 mrem/h). If a shipment does not meet all applicable requirements, it may still be carried out under Special Arrangement, provided that the shipper guarantees that additional or restrictive measures will be adopted to compensate for non-compliance with some items of the Standard. This type of transportation within the country requires specific approval from CNEN. For international transportation, multilateral approval is required. OPERATIONAL CONTROLS - TRANSPORT INDEX
48. FOR RECOGNITION, PACKAGED GOODS AND PACKAGED PACKAGES MUST BE CATEGORIZED AS FOLLOWS:
50. Packages, packages, tanks or containers, with previously defined labeling categories, must display the corresponding risk labels, according to the models and colors indicated in the Transportation Standard, affixed to two opposite external faces of each package or package, or to the four external faces of each tank or container. Each package containing radioactive materials with additional hazardous characteristics must also display specific labels to indicate these characteristics, in accordance with regulations for the transportation of hazardous products. Labeling, Marking and Placards
51. Each package with a total mass greater than 50 kg must have its gross weight marked, legibly and durably, on the outside of the packaging. Each label must include, except for BAE or OCS material, the name of the radionuclide present (in the case of a mixture, the most restrictive ones), the activity, expressed in Bq, and the Transport Index, and there is no need to indicate it when the label is Category I – White. All packaging in accordance with the design requirements for Type A packaging must bear, externally, in a legible and durable manner, the “TYPE A” mark. All packaging in accordance with the design requirements for Type B packaging must have the following data legibly and durably marked on its external part: Labeling, Marking and Placards
52. The identification mark assigned to the project by the Competent Authority; The serial number that identifies each package in accordance with the design; Type B(U) mark, for packages whose design meets the requirements for unilateral approval or Type B(M) mark for packages whose design requires multilateral approval; The trefoil symbol, in high relief. Labeling, Marking and Placards
53. That the contents of each shipment are identified, classified, packaged, marked and labeled completely and accurately and are in a suitable condition for transportation. A declaration to this effect must be submitted by the shipper. TO INSURE
54. in the transport documents, the following information: Name and appropriate number of the shipment, as per the UN list of numbers; The words “radioactive material”; Appropriate notation for BAE or OCS; Name and symbol of each radionuclide; A description of the physical and chemical form of the material, or the notation that it is in a special form; Maximum activity of radioactive content; Packaged category; Transport index; Identification mark of each certificate of approval issued by the Competent Authority. INCLUDE
55. The following documents are provided to the carrier: Shipper's declaration; Transport envelope, standardized by NBR 7504; Emergency form, standardized by NBR 7503; Vehicle monitoring form. Also provide the carrier with: Recipient's name, full address and route to be followed. TO SUPPLY
56. Inform the carrier about: Special equipment and requirements for handling and securing the load; Supplemental operational requirements for loading, transporting, storing, unloading and handling of packaged goods or a statement that such requirements are not necessary; Any special storage requirements for safe heat dissipation from the package, especially when the heat flux on the surface thereof exceeds 15 W/m2; Restrictions imposed on the mode or means of transport; Measures to be taken in case of emergency. INFORM
57. The International Atomic Energy Agency, after a broad review process that began in 1991 and involved experts from around the world, including two authors of this document, concluded the revised version of the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (Safety Series No. 6), which was approved by the Agency's member countries in September 1996. Due to the adoption by most countries of the IAEA transport regulations and due to the international nature associated with the movement of radioactive sources, it is expected that countries will review their standards in order to adapt them to the changes included in the 1996 revision, within the stipulated period of 5 years, thus harmonizing their international application, without conflict with national legislation. CNEN-NE-5.01 STANDARD REVIEW PROCESS
58. the splitting of the Transport Index (TI) into two indices, the Transport Index based on Exposure control, which expresses maximum radiation levels at 1 meter from the package, and the Criticality Safety Index (ISC), which is used only for fissile materials; The need to externally label, with the symbol indicating the presence of radiation, exceptional packaging, which until then had only been labeled internally; The definition of Type C packages, and the establishment of applicable tests, for the air transport of radioactive materials previously transported in Type B packages; The definition of “Low Dispersibility Radioactive Materials” and the establishment of applicable tests to enable their air transport in Type B packaging; The change in exemption limits from meeting the relevant requirements of the Transport Standard. AMONG THE MOST NOTABLE CHANGES IN THE 1996 REVISION OF THE SAFETY SERIES NO 6, CURRENTLY TITLED ST-1, ARE: