of a class acquire properties and behavior of object of other class. So Inheritance is used for code reuse. In Scala we use “extends extends” keyword to inherit properties and behavior from a class.This is same as Java class Animal class Bird extends Animal Omitting extends means extends AnyRef Inheritance is a way by which an object of a class acquire properties and behavior of object of other class. So Inheritance is used for code reuse. In Scala we use “extends extends” keyword to inherit properties and behavior from a class.This is same as Java class Animal class Bird extends Animal Omitting extends means extends AnyRef
their superclass constructor scala> class Animal(val name: String) defined class Animal scala> class Bird(name: String) extends Animal(name) defined class Bird Subclasses must immediately call their superclass constructor scala> class Animal(val name: String) defined class Animal scala> class Bird(name: String) extends Animal(name) defined class Bird
subclassed Use the keyword final to prevent a class from being subclassed Scala> final class Animal defined class Animal Scala> class Bird extends Animal <console>:8: error: illegal inheritance from final class Animal Scala> final class Animal defined class Animal Scala> class Bird extends Animal <console>:8: error: illegal inheritance from final class Animal
same source file Use the keyword sealed to allow sub-classing only within the same source file sealed class Animal class Bird extends Animal class Fish extends Animal This means, that sealed classes can only be subclassed by you but not by others, i.e. you know all subclasses sealed class Animal class Bird extends Animal class Fish extends Animal This means, that sealed classes can only be subclassed by you but not by others, i.e. you know all subclasses
the keyword override to override a superclass member class Animal { val name = "Animal" } class Bird extends Animal { override val name = "Bird" } class Animal { val name = "Animal" } class Bird extends Animal { override val name = "Bird" }
an abstract class abstract class Animal { val name: String def hello: String } Use the keyword abstract to define an abstract class abstract class Animal { val name: String def hello: String }
abstract field or method to make it Concrete class Bird(override val name: String) extends Animal { override def hello = "Beep" } Initialize or implement an abstract field or method to make it Concrete class Bird(override val name: String) extends Animal { override def hello = "Beep" }
are richer than Java Interfaces They are fundamental unit of code reuse in Scala They encapsulates method and field definitions, which can be reused by mixing them in classes Unlike class inheritance a class can mix any number of traits Unlike Interfaces they can have concrete methods Traits are like I Interfaces nterfaces but they are richer than Java Interfaces They are fundamental unit of code reuse in Scala They encapsulates method and field definitions, which can be reused by mixing them in classes Unlike class inheritance a class can mix any number of traits Unlike Interfaces they can have concrete methods
to automatically add methods to class in terms of methods the class already has. That is, trait can enrich a thin interface,making it into a rich interface. trait Swimmer { def swim() { println("I swim!") } } Use the keyword with to mix a trait into a class that already extends another class class class Fish(val name: String) extends Animal with Swimmer So method swim can mix into class Fish ,class Fish does not need to implement it. One major use of traits is to automatically add methods to class in terms of methods the class already has. That is, trait can enrich a thin interface,making it into a rich interface. trait Swimmer { def swim() { println("I swim!") } } Use the keyword with to mix a trait into a class that already extends another class class class Fish(val name: String) extends Animal with Swimmer So method swim can mix into class Fish ,class Fish does not need to implement it.
repeatedly to mix-in multiple traits If multiple traits define the same members, the outermost (rightmost) one “wins” Use the keyword with repeatedly to mix-in multiple traits If multiple traits define the same members, the outermost (rightmost) one “wins” Trait A Trait B Trait C Class D extends A with B with C
are ordered, it is convenient if you use a single method call to ask about the precise comparison you want. if you want “is less than,” you would like to call < if you want “is less than or equal,” you would like to call <= A rich interface would provide you with all of the usual comparison operators, thus allowing you to directly write things like “x <= y”. When-ever you compare two objects that are ordered, it is convenient if you use a single method call to ask about the precise comparison you want. if you want “is less than,” you would like to call < if you want “is less than or equal,” you would like to call <= A rich interface would provide you with all of the usual comparison operators, thus allowing you to directly write things like “x <= y”.
extends ordered trait So compare method provide us all comparison operators We have a class Number which extends ordered trait So compare method provide us all comparison operators class Number(a:Int) extends Ordered[Number] { val number=a def compare(that:Number)={this.number-that.number} }
you modify the methods of a class, and they do so in a way that allows you to stack those modifications with each other. Given a class that implements such a queue, you could define traits to perform modifications such as these Doubling: double all integers that are put in the queue Incrementing: increment all integers that are put in the queue Filtering: filter out negative integers from a queue Traits let you modify the methods of a class, and they do so in a way that allows you to stack those modifications with each other. Given a class that implements such a queue, you could define traits to perform modifications such as these Doubling: double all integers that are put in the queue Incrementing: increment all integers that are put in the queue Filtering: filter out negative integers from a queue
= new BasicIntQueue queue.put(10) queue.put(20) queue.get() it will return 10 Queue.get() it will return 20 val queue = new BasicIntQueue queue.put(10) queue.put(20) queue.get() it will return 10 Queue.get() it will return 20
look at using traits to modify this behavior trait Doubling extends IntQueue { abstract override def put(x: Int) { super.put(2 * x) } } class MyQueue extends BasicIntQueue with Doubling val queue = new MyQueue queue.put(10) queue.get() it will return 20 take a look at using traits to modify this behavior trait Doubling extends IntQueue { abstract override def put(x: Int) { super.put(2 * x) } } class MyQueue extends BasicIntQueue with Doubling val queue = new MyQueue queue.put(10) queue.get() it will return 20
look at using traits to modify this behavior val queue = (new MyQueue extends BasicIntQueue with Doubling with Incrementing with Filtering) queue.put(-1); queue.put(0); queue.put(1) queue.get() Int = 2 take a look at using traits to modify this behavior val queue = (new MyQueue extends BasicIntQueue with Doubling with Incrementing with Filtering) queue.put(-1); queue.put(0); queue.put(1) queue.get() Int = 2 Filtering Increamenting Doubling
Option for optional values. Such a value can be of two forms. It can be of the form Some(x) where x is the actual value. Or it can be the None object, which represents a missing value Scala has a standard type named Option for optional values. Such a value can be of two forms. It can be of the form Some(x) where x is the actual value. Or it can be the None object, which represents a missing value
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