• lsof ◦ An open file may be a regular file, a directory, a block special file, a character special file, an executing text reference, a library, a stream or a network file. • grep ◦ searches the named input FILEs for lines containing a match to the given PATTERN. 10
型 A 値 a ◦ 戻り値: 型 B • C g(B b) • C g_after_f(A a) { return g(f(a)); } ◦ 合成 11 Haskell • f :: A -> B ◦ 型 A から 型 B ◦ :: is “has the type of…” • g :: B -> C ◦ 型 B から 型 C • g . f ◦ 合成