Gravitational lensing

Lecture of the course "General Relativity With Astrophysical Applications", taught by Prof. Rodrigo Nemmen (USP).

• Einstein ring and angle
• Derivation scheme for Einstein angle
• Einstein angle inside Our Galaxy
• Einstein angle for galaxy clusters
• Lensing and the search for MACHOs

Credit for the slides/figures belongs to Rodrigo Nemmen, unless otherwise stated.

https://rodrigonemmen.com/teaching/relatividade-geral-e-aplicacoes-astrofisicas/

Transcript

1. AGA0319 Rodrigo Nemmen Gravitational lensing Astrophysical Applications of GR II
2. alterations are being made. The date for the reopen- ing of the building has not yet been set, but it will probably be early in the coming year. north of San Francisco. Fort Ross, the chief Russian port and settlement on the Californian coast, is about sixty miles north of San Francisco. DISCUSSION LENS-LIKE ACTION OF A STAR BY THE DEVIATION OF LIGHT IN THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD SOME time ago, R. W. Mandl paid me a visit and asked me to publish the results of a little calculation, which I had made at his request. This note complies with his wish. The light coming from a star A traverses the gravi- tational field of another star B, whose radius is BR. Let there be an observer at a distance D from B and at a distance x, small compared with D, from the ex- tended central line AB. According to the general theory of relativity, let a., be the deviation of the light ray passing the star B at a distance BR from its center. For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that AB is large, compared with the distance D of the observer from the deviating star B. We also neglect the eclipse (geometrical obscuration) by the star B, which indeed is negligible in all practically important cases. To permit this, D has to be very large compared to the radius B, of the deviating star. It follows from the law of deviation that an observer situated exactly on the extension of the central line AB will perceive, instead of a point-like star A, a luminius circle of the angular radius , around the center of B, where Bio- It su bo D t It should be noted that this angular diameter ,B does not decrease like 1/D, but like 1/VD, as the distance D increases. Of course, there is no hope of observing this phe- nomenon directly. First, we shall scarcely ever ap- proach closely enough to such a central line. Second, the angle ,B will defy the resolving power of our instruments. For, axO being of the order of magnitude of one second of arc, the angle RO/D, under which the deviating star B is seen, is much smaller. Therefore, the light coming from the luminous circle can not be distinguished by an observer as geometrically different from that coming from the star B, but simply will manifest itself as increased apparent brightness of B. The same will happen, if the observer is situated at a small distance x from the extended central line AB. But then the observer will see A as two point-like light-sources, which are deviated from the true geo- metrical position of A by the angle ,3, approximately. The apparent brightness of A will be increased by the lens-like action of the gravitational field of B in the ratio q. This q will be considerably larger than unity only if x is so small that the observed positions of A and B coincide, within the resolving power of our instruments. Simple geometric considerations lead to the expression X 21 Iq- 212 $ Y \1+ 1 where I= VaoDBo. on November 12, 2018 http://science.sciencemag.org/ nloaded from Einstein 1936 Science http://science.sciencemag.org/content/84/2188/506
3. alterations are being made. The date for the reopen- ing of the building has not yet been set, but it will probably be early in the coming year. north of San Francisco. Fort Ross, the chief Russian port and settlement on the Californian coast, is about sixty miles north of San Francisco. DISCUSSION LENS-LIKE ACTION OF A STAR BY THE DEVIATION OF LIGHT IN THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD SOME time ago, R. W. Mandl paid me a visit and asked me to publish the results of a little calculation, which I had made at his request. This note complies with his wish. The light coming from a star A traverses the gravi- tational field of another star B, whose radius is BR. Let there be an observer at a distance D from B and at a distance x, small compared with D, from the ex- tended central line AB. According to the general theory of relativity, let a., be the deviation of the light ray passing the star B at a distance BR from its center. For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that AB is large, compared with the distance D of the observer from the deviating star B. We also neglect the eclipse (geometrical obscuration) by the star B, which indeed is negligible in all practically important cases. To permit this, D has to be very large compared to the radius B, of the deviating star. It follows from the law of deviation that an observer situated exactly on the extension of the central line AB will perceive, instead of a point-like star A, a luminius circle of the angular radius , around the center of B, where Bio- It su bo D t It should be noted that this angular diameter ,B does not decrease like 1/D, but like 1/VD, as the distance D increases. Of course, there is no hope of observing this phe- nomenon directly. First, we shall scarcely ever ap- proach closely enough to such a central line. Second, the angle ,B will defy the resolving power of our instruments. For, axO being of the order of magnitude of one second of arc, the angle RO/D, under which the deviating star B is seen, is much smaller. Therefore, the light coming from the luminous circle can not be distinguished by an observer as geometrically different from that coming from the star B, but simply will manifest itself as increased apparent brightness of B. The same will happen, if the observer is situated at a small distance x from the extended central line AB. But then the observer will see A as two point-like light-sources, which are deviated from the true geo- metrical position of A by the angle ,3, approximately. The apparent brightness of A will be increased by the lens-like action of the gravitational field of B in the ratio q. This q will be considerably larger than unity only if x is so small that the observed positions of A and B coincide, within the resolving power of our instruments. Simple geometric considerations lead to the expression X 21 Iq- 212 $ Y \1+ 1 where I= VaoDBo. on November 12, 2018 http://science.sciencemag.org/ nloaded from Einstein 1936 Science http://science.sciencemag.org/content/84/2188/506
4. https://oneminuteastronomer.com/9237/gravitational-lens/
5. https://oneminuteastronomer.com/9237/gravitational-lens/
6. Observer would see ring of light “Einstein ring” image of background object spread out θE
7. Derivation of Einstein angle lens source observer dS dLS dL M
8. Derivation of Einstein angle lens source observer dS dLS dL fake apparent position perfect Einstein ring
9. Derivation of Einstein angle lens source observer Δϕdef = 4GM c2 b dS dLS dL
10. Derivation of Einstein angle lens source observer θE Δϕdef = 4GM c2 b dS dLS dL
11. Derivation of Einstein angle lens source observer θE dS dLS dL θ E ≡ 2R S ( d LS dS dL ) 1/2 Einstein angle fake apparent position
12. Einstein angle within the galaxy M = MSun dS = 10 kpc = 1017 km θ E ≈ 10−3 arcsec ( M 1M⊙ ) 1/2 ( d 50kpc ) −1/2 lens source observer TOO SMALL!
13. Einstein angle with a galaxy cluster as the lens
14. d L = 500 Mpc d S = 1000 Mpc Einstein angle with a galaxy cluster as the lens θ E ≈ 0.5 arcmin ( M 1014M⊙ ) 1/2 ( d 1000Mpc ) −1/2 CAN RESOLVE WITH TELESCOPES
15. Abell 2218 z=0.18 d = 770 Mpc http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2001/32/image/b/
17. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap111221.html Einstein ring with a galaxy as the lens
18. Magnification of light with gravitational lensing
21. Search for massive compact halo objects (MACHOs)
22. tempo fluxo t Δt = dθ E 2v ≈ 90days ( M 1M⊙ ) 1/2 ( v 200kms−1 ) −1
23. Conclusões de busca por MACHOs Não há muitos objetos com M < 0.08 Msolar (anãs marrons), poucos eventos com Δt curto) <20% da massa do halo pode estar na forma de MACHOs tipicamente MMACHO > 0.15 Msolar (Δt > 35 dias) ∴ MACHOs não explicam ME, pois a massa predominante do Halo deve ser na forma de uma componente distribuída uniformemente No halo escuro da nossa Galáxia
24. Github Twitter Web E-mail Bitbucket Facebook Group figshare rodrigo.nemmen@iag.usp.br rodrigonemmen.com @nemmen rsnemmen facebook.com/rodrigonemmen nemmen blackholegroup.org bit.ly/2fax2cT