EuRuKo 2015: Super-Reliable Software

Transcript

1. Super-Reliable Software BY @SI RU PSE N

2. None

3. 175,000+ SHOPS $10 BILLION+ 200+ DEVS 500+ SERVERS 2.5 DATACENTRES

   RUBY ON RAILS 17K PEAK RPS 10,000 CHECKOUTS/M PEAK 20+ DAILY DEPLOYS 300M+ UNIQUE VISITS/MONTH

4. 4 SIMON ESKI LDSEN IN FRASTRUCTURE ENGI NE ER

5. WHY DO WE CARE?

6. 6

7. 7 Mars Climate Orbiter

8. 8 Radioactive Intel Chips

9. Build reliable systems from unreliable components 9

10. 10 Failure Layers System Communication Application Process

11. 11 System Communication Application Process CPU RAM Disk OS

12. 12 0110 1100 0101 1101 0110 1110 0100 1110 0110

    1100 0101 1100 0110 1110 0100 1110 BIT FLIP S IN ME MORY

13. 13 Heat Cosmic rays Electrical problems Hardware defects Utilization Radioactivity

    CAU SES OF B IT FL IPS

14. 14 >= 1.6 bit errors per 8 gigabytes of RAM

    per hour in Google’s fleet

15. 15 .. and even more in space

16. 16 BITSQUAT TI N G

17. 17 <img src="http://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn. net/11351355_10207026068118444_52326407049 3316017_n.jpg" alt="" />

18. 18 irb(main):024:0> bits = "fbcdn.net".unpack("B*") => [ "0110011001100010011000110110010001101110001011100 11000110110111101101101"] irb(main):025:0>

    bits[0][11] = "1" => "1" irb(main):026:0> bits.pack("B*") => "frcdn.net"

19. 19 <img src="http://scontent-ord1-1.xx.frcdn. net/11351355_10207026068118444_52326407049 3316017_n.jpg" alt="" />

20. 20 It happens in the wild. 30 domains:

21. 21 How is it prevented for memory? • Nothing —

    silent data corruption. • Parity — detect, but not correct, (some) errors. • Error Correcting Codes (ECC) — correct and detect bit errors. Can usually detect more than it can correct. • Application — can perform checksumming, be pessimistic and have redundancy.

22. 22

23. 23 simon@web102.dc3:~ $ sudo dmidecode --type 16 # dmidecode 2.12

    SMBIOS 2.8 present. Handle 0x0059, DMI type 16, 23 bytes Physical Memory Array Location: System Board Or Motherboard Use: System Memory Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC Maximum Capacity: 512 GB Error Information Handle: Not Provided Number Of Devices: 8

24. 24 WOULD YOU BUY DISC ARDED DRAM?

25. 25 Assume the system will fail • CPU – it

    will misbehave. It will overheat. • DRAM – it will corrupt your data. It will fail. It will modify your program. • Operating System – it will panic. It will be slow. It will corrupt your data. • Disk – it will corrupt data. It will be slow. It will fail.

26. 26 System Communication Application Process

27. 27 GR AC EFUL LOOSE COUPLING

28. 28

29. 29 Usually not the first error that causes failure, but

    the errors that follow

30. 30 Redundant backups with degraded functionality

31. 31 single component failure should not be able to compromise

    the performance or availability of the entire system
32. None

33. search sessions carts mysql cdn

34. None

35. Customer signed out

36. 36 Another example class Product def tags redis.smembers("product:#{id}:tags") end end

37. 37 Slightly better class Product def tags redis.smembers("product:#{id}:tags") rescue Redis::BaseError

    => e ErrorReporter.log(e) [] end end

38. 38 System Communication Application Process

39. (Micro)service equation 39 Uptime = AN Number of services Availability

    per service Total availability

40. 40 Availability 70 80 90 100 Services 10 50 100

    500 1000 99.98 99.99 99.999 99.95

41. Even monolithic services easily have tens of dependencies: RDBMS, Redis,

    Memcached, ElasticSearch, S3, CDN, APIs, Mailing, CRM, … 41

42. 42 Checkout Admin Storefront MySQL Shard Unavailable Unavailable Degraded MySQL

    Master Available (if cached) Unavailable Available Kafka Available Degraded Available External HTTP API Degraded Available Unavailable redis-sessions Unavailable Unavailable Degraded logging (disk full) Unavailable Unavailable Unavailable Resiliency Matrix

43. 43 https://github.com/shopify/toxiproxy Toxiproxy[:mysql_master].downstream(:latency, latency: 1000).apply do Shop.first # this takes

    at least 1s end Toxiproxy[/redis/].down do session[:user_id] # this will throw an exception end Simulate TCP conditions with Toxiproxy

44. Write a Toxiproxy test for each cell 44 # test/integration/resiliency_matrix_test.rb

    def test_section_a_mq_a_down Toxiproxy[:message_queue_a].down do get '/section_a' assert_response :success end end def test_section_b_datastore_b Toxiproxy[:datastore_b].down do get '/section_b' assert_response 500 end end # ... and every other cell

45. With fallbacks the system is still vulnerable to slowness. ECONNREFUSED

    is a luxury in distributed systems, slowness is the killer. 45

46. 46 TIMEOUTS Gem Default Reasonable Unicorn 60s ~5s Net::HTTP 60s

    ~2s mysql2 N/A ~5s redis-rb N/A ~0.5s AWS::S3 60s ~2s memcached 0.5s ~0.5s
47. None

48. 48 timeouts will waste resources. response time might be up

    by 
 at least that timeout.

49. Circuit Breakers after e timeouts raise immediately for t seconds

    49

50. Bulkheads only allow t processes to access a resource simultaneously

    50

51. 51 SHOP IFY/SE MI AN

52. 52 System Communication Application Process

53. 53 Antifragile Process Fragile Robust Antifragile

54. 54 ROOT CAUSE A NA LYSIS

55. 55 GAME DAY

56. 56

57. Resiliency Maturity Pyramid 57 No resiliency effort Testing with mocks

    Toxiproxy tests and matrix Resiliency Patterns Production Practise Days (Games) Kill nodes Latency Application-Specific Fallbacks Kill DC

58. Failure Tolerance Reliability 98% 99% 99.9% 99.98% 99.99% 99.999% 99.99999%

    None Basic Fallbacks Covered resiliency matrix Resiliency Primitives Indifferent to failure Antifragile Docker Shopify Prototype A low quality Erlang app Balance reliability and failure tolerance. Your app is the sum. Rails MySQL Ruby Linux ECC memory Your shitty banks COBOL mainframe that they pray won’t break Some runtime genetic programming craziness Aerospace Probably you Premature resiliency 100% EARLY MATURE APPS FOUNDATION Hackathon Redis MATURING DNS Google HFT

59. Final remarks 59 Draw your resiliency matrix, write Toxiproxy tests

    and implement application-specific fallbacks Everything will fail. Embrace graceful loose coupling. Make resiliency fun! Be careful when introducing new dependencies. Where are they on the reliability/tolerance graph?

60. Resources @Sirupsen on Twitter github.com/Shopify/semian: Resiliency toolkit for Ruby github.com/Shopify/toxiproxy:

    Testing resiliency (any language) github.com/eapache/go-resiliency: Go library for resiliency github.com/Netflix/Hystrix: JVM library for resiliency Release It: Incredible book on resiliency Shopify Blog post on Resiliency Netflix Engineering Blog Hystrix Wiki Semian README Talk on Resilient Routing and Discovery @ DockerCon 15 Talk on Building and Testing Resilient Applications @ GoRuCo 15 ParisRB June 15 slides from @byroot 60

61. Thank You! FOLLOW @SIRUPSE N

62. 62 • Atomic by Ema Dimitrova from the Noun Project

    • Rocket by Simon Mettler from the Noun Project • processor by Creative Stall from the Noun Project • Another Squat Discovered by Nahemoth (Flickr) • Starting Line by rowens27 (Flickr) • Domino Effect by Bro. Jeffrey Pioquinto, SJ (Flickr) • Under Pressure by Feans (Flickr) Credits