Use Virtual Machines and managed service for production environment • Enable us to build more flexible infrastructures • Users gradually increase and scalabilities of capacity are important • Monolithic Architecture • Communication is still easy and comfortable
Use Containers and managed service for production environment • stage 2 is a warmup period to move stage3 • Enable us to build more flexible infrastructures • Scalabilities of capacity are important • Microservice Architecture • Communication costs are high due to the number of engineers • Separation of authorities and responsibilities are necessary to scale out an organization
AWS resources can be controlled via APIs • Pioneering cloud provider in this context • We use management tools written in Ruby for AWS • Declare AWS resources in Ruby DSL
history can be investigated from VCS(git, svn) • Idempotent • Current conditions of AWS resources should be synced to our codes • Don’t allow manual configuration changes to avoid chaos • If codes don’t have manual changes, they will be forcibly erased • Learning costs are low • Non-SRE engineer also can create PRs • Most of tools have: • dry-run feature to confirm changes before applying them • export feature to reflect current AWS condition to Ruby DSL
it tends to be linked to high operational costs • Route53 • Route Tables for Virtual Private Cloud • Identity and Access Management • Security Group • Elastic IP Addresses • Elastic Load Balancer • S3 Bucket Policy • CloudWatch Logs & Alarms
"0.0.0.0/0", gateway_id: "igw-12345678" route destination_cidr_block: “192.168.100.101/32", network_interface_id: "eni-12345678" end route_table "bar-rt" do subnets "subnet-87654321" route destination_cidr_block: "192.168.100.102/32", network_interface_id: "eni-87654321" end # Undefined Route Table will be ignored end 71$3PVUF5BCMFT (e.g) Declaration of Route Tables for vpc-12345678
security group" tags( "key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2" ) ingress do permission :tcp, 22..22 do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0", ) end permission :tcp, 80..80 do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0" ) end permission :udp, 60000..61000 do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0" ) end # ESP (IP Protocol number: 50) permission :"50" do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0" ) end permission :any do groups( "any_other_group", "default" ) end end # Continue to the right codes # Continue from the left codes egress do permission :any do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0" ) end end end security_group "any_other_group" do description "any_other_group" tags( "key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2" ) egress do permission :any do ip_ranges( "0.0.0.0/0" ) end end end end (e.g) Declaration of Security Groups for vpc-XXXXXXXX
address designed for dynamic cloud computing • Use Eipmap (https://github.com/codenize-tools/eipmap) to define states of Elastic IP Addresses using Ruby DSL
"vpc" do ip "54.256.256.11", :network_interface_id=>"eni-12345678", :private_ip_address=>"10.0.1.1" ip "54.256.256.12", :network_interface_id=>"eni-12345678", :private_ip_address=>"10.0.1.2" ip "54.256.256.13" end &MBTUJD*1"EESFTTFT • (e.g) Declaration of Elastic IP Addresses
service that helps us securely control access to AWS resources • Use Miam (https://github.com/codenize-tools/miam) to define states of Elastic IP Addresses using Ruby DSL
group "Admin", :path => "/admin/" do policy "Admin" do {"Statement"=>[{"Effect"=>"Allow", "Action"=>"*", "Resource"=>"*"}]} end end *EFOUJUZBOE"DDFTT.BOBHFNFOU
multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses • Use Kelbim (https://github.com/codenize-tools/kelbim) to define states of Elastic IP Addresses using Ruby DSL
the access policy options available for you to grant permission to your Amazon S3 resources • Use Bukelatta (https://github.com/codenize-tools/kelbim) to define states of Elastic IP Addresses using Ruby DSL
of AWS resources • Use Meteorlog (https://github.com/codenize-tools/ meteorlog) to define states of CloudWatch Logs using Ruby DSL • Use Radiosonde (https://github.com/codenize-tools/ radiosonde) to define states of CloudWatch Alarms using Ruby DSL
which operations the account can perform • Use Gratan (https://github.com/codenize-tools/gratan) to define states of MySQL access privileges using Ruby DSL
on "test.*", expired: '2014/10/08', identified: "PASSWORD '*ABCDEF'" do grant "SELECT" grant "INSERT" end on /^foo\.prefix_/ do grant "SELECT" grant "INSERT" end end user "bob", ["localhost", "192.168.%"], expired: '2014/10/10' do on "*.*", with: 'GRANT OPTION' do grant "ALL PRIVILEGES" end end .Z42-QSJWJMFHFT • (e.g) Declaration of MySQL privileges
to a table • Use Departure (https://github.com/departurerb/departure) without needing to use a different DSL other than Rails' migrations DSL (under trial) • Departure uses pt-online-schema-change command-line tool of Percona Toolkit which runs MySQL alter table statements without downtime
response "Method Not Allowed" content "405" content_type "text/plain" request_condition "request method is not GET, HEAD or FASTLYPURGE" do priority 10 statement '!(req.request == "GET" || req.request == "HEAD" || req.request == "FASTLYPURGE")' end end end # equals as follows: service "foo" do condition "request method is not GET, HEAD or FASTLYPURGE" do priority 10 statement '!(req.request == "GET" || req.request == "HEAD" || req.request == "FASTLYPURGE")' type "REQUEST" end response_object "method not allowed" do status "405" response "Method Not Allowed" content "405" content_type "text/plain" request_condition "request method is not GET, HEAD or FASTLYPURGE" end end 'BTUMZ • (e.g) Declaration of Fastly configurations
itamae (൘લ) is a cook in a Japanese kitchen • Chef-like Ruby DSL (but not compatible with Chef) • Simpler and lighter weight than Chef • Only recipes • Apply recipes to a local machine • Apply recipes to a remote machine over ssh • Idempotent
do action :install end service 'nginx' do action [:enable, :start] end template "/path/to/dest" do action :create source "template.erb" variables(message: "World") end # template.erb Hello, <%= @message %>
well for stage2 and a personal usage even though limited SRE can apply them to production environments • But if only SRE has privileges to use these tools, there might be problems in development scalabilities at stage3
deploy them via Itamae • Developers cannot install software by themselves • SREs install them via Itamae • Developers cannot use new AWS resources soon • SREs deploy them via Codenize tools • SREs and Developers cannot work productively • frequent ops work might be requested to SREs and it becomes bottleneck of developments • Some part of authorities and responsibilities should be given them
easily run and manage Docker-enabled applications across a cluster of EC2 instances. • Use hako (https://github.com/eagletmt/hako) to deploy Docker containers onto ECS clusters • Some applications will use this container environment
yaml has environment variables for each application • Developers can install necessary software by themselves • Docker images include all software for each application • Developers can use new AWS resources soon • Many AWS resources are ready for use after deploying containers to our ECS clusters • SRE and Developers will become productively • Authority and responsibilities are given them
might not work suddenly and need to change them • There are technologies to support us and give more scalable environments • (e.g) Virtual Machine → Containers • (e.g) Monolithic architecture → Microservice architecture • But engineers cannot change their traditional workflows suddenly • Investigation and research at stage 2 is really important in terms of development scalabilities at stage 3 • At this moment, for container orchestrations, using kubernetes is better instead of ECS • Many players around containers join to kubernetes and develop eco systems (standing on the shoulders of giants)
depend on the organization expansions • Writing infrastructures in Ruby DSL is pretty easy and works well • When organization becomes big, traditional workflow might not work
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