Younts Rocks and Minerals Instructional Unit

Transcript

1. ROCKS AND MINERALS • A short instructional unit for third graders about rocks and minerals. • Created by: Tabatha Younts • tyounts@acpsd.net • EDET 722: O61 1 of 87
2. LET’S GET STARTED! This unit will cover three learning objectives. 1. How mineral properties are used to identify minerals 2. How rocks form and the way it effects the physical characteristics of the rock 3. How to identify rocks according to its physical appearance and given characteristics I will teach one learning objective at a time. After each learning objective, there will be several practice questions. This will take 15 – 20 minutes to complete. At the end of the unit, you will complete a posttest. This is a test that is given at the very end of the unit. It will have questions about everything that you learned during the unit. 2 of 87
3. HELPFUL THINGS TO KNOW… This button will take you to the next page. This button will take you to the page before. This will take you back to the beginning of the presentation. This button will bring you back to this page in case you need a reminder. This button will stop the presentation. This is your navigation bar. It allows you to click on a section and go directly to that section of the presentation. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks This is an audio or voice recording. If you need to stop or repeat, click on the speaker. 3 of 87
4. BEFORE WE GET STARTED, LET’S DO A QUICK REVIEW OF WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW AND NEED TO REMEMBER FOR THIS UNIT. Sand and soil are tiny pieces of broken rock (weathered rock) Rocks and minerals can be different shapes, color, and sizes Observable properties are physical properties because you can see and touch them Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 4 of 87
5. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? Today, I am going to teach you: 1. How mineral properties are used to identify minerals 2. How rocks form and the way it effects the physical characteristics of the rock 3. How to identify rocks according to its physical appearance and given characteristics Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 5 of 87
6. MINERAL PROPERTIES Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 6 of 87
7. WHAT IS A MINERAL? •Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. •A mineral is a natural, nonliving substance. •Scientists use properties to identify minerals. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 7 of 87
8. MINERAL PROPERTIES 1. Color: refers to the physical color of the mineral. Color alone, cannot identify minerals. Many minerals have the same color. Quartz can be many different colors! 2. Hardness: refers to a minerals ability to scratch another mineral or be scratched. The MOHS’ Scale shows the hardness of some common minerals. Each mineral has a number one - ten. Ten is the hardest kind. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 8 of 87
9. MINERAL PROPERTIES 3. Luster: refers to how shiny or dull a mineral physically looks. Some minerals can be very shiny, pearly or glassy. Some minerals are dull. 4. Streak: If you scratch a mineral along a white tile, it leaves behind a powder. A minerals streak is the color of that powder. The streak may be different from the color of a mineral’s surface! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 9 of 87
10. SPECIAL PROPERTIES • Some mineral may bubble or fizz if acid (or vinegar) is placed on it. • Some minerals split into thin sheets (example: mica). • Some minerals have magnetic properties (example: magnetite). Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 10 of 87
11. SCIENTISTS USE PROPERTIES TO IDENTIFY MINERALS mineral mica feldspar hematite pyrite color white, green, silver, or brown white, pink, gray, or smoky black gray or brown gold or brassy yellow luster pearly dull or glassy metallic or dull metallic streak white white red green-black hardness 2 - 2.5 6-6.5 6-6.5 5-6 Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 11 of 87
12. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A MINERAL IDENTIFICATION KEY Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 12 of 87
13. LET’S PRACTICE! Read the sentence below to determine which mineral property is being described. This property determines if the mineral can scratch or if it can be scratched. Identify this mineral property. Luster Hardness Color Magnetic Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 13 of 87
14. CORRECT! Hardness: refers to a minerals ability to scratch another mineral or be scratched. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 14 of 87
15. Luster: refers to how shiny or dull a mineral physically looks. Back to Question 15 of 87
16. Color: refers to the physical color of a mineral Back to Question 16 of 87
17. Magnetic: Magnetism is a special property. If a mineral is magnetic, then it attracts metal. Back to Question 17 of 87
18. LET’S PRACTICE! Read the sentence below to determine which mineral property is being described. This property determines how shiny or dull a mineral physically looks. Identify this mineral property. Luster Hardness Color Magnetic Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 18 of 87
19. CORRECT! Luster: refers to how shiny or dull a mineral physically looks. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 19 of 87
20. Hardness: refers to a minerals ability to scratch another mineral or be scratched. Back to Question 20 of 87
21. Color: refers to the physical color of a mineral Back to Question 21 of 87
22. Magnetic: Magnetism is a special property. If a mineral is magnetic, then it attracts metal. Back to Question 22 of 87
23. LET’S PRACTICE! Use the mineral property table to identify the substance described. Which soft, white mineral has a glassy luster and bubbles with acid? Mica Gypsum Calcite Talc Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 23 of 87
24. CORRECT! According to the table, Calcite is soft, white, has a glassy luster and bubbles with acid! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 24 of 87
25. Back to Question According to the chart, mica is not white. It is black/gray. It does not have a glassy luster, but it does has a shiny luster. The chart does not show that mica bubbles with acid, but it does split into thin sheets. 25 of 87
26. Back to Question According to the chart, gypsum is white, but is not glassy. Gypsum also does not bubble with acid. 26 of 87
27. Back to Question According to the chart, talc is white, but not glassy. Talc does not bubble with acid. 27 of 87
28. LET’S PRACTICE! Use the mineral property table to identify the substance described. Which dark-colored mineral is scratched by a fingernail? Calcite Hornblende Mica Talc Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 28 of 87
29. CORRECT! According to the table, mica is a dark- colored mineral that can be scratched by a fingernail! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 29 of 87
30. Back to Question According to the chart, calcite is not dark- colored or scratched by a fingernail. Calcite is white in color and can be scratched by a metal nail. 30 of 87
31. Back to Question According to the chart, Hornblende cannot be scratched by a fingernail. Hornblende is dark-colored, but has a hardness of 6 which is very hard and cannot be scratched by a fingernail. 31 of 87
32. Back to Question According to the chart, talc can be scratched by a fingernail, but it is not dark- colored. Talc is white. 32 of 87
33. ROCK TYPES Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 33 of 87
34. THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Rocks are made of two or more minerals. Each rock type forms in a different way which makes them have different observable properties. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 34 of 87
35. IGNEOUS ROCKS Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 35 of 87
36. IGNEOUS ROCKS • Igneous rocks are formed from magma either underground or above ground after the magma turns to lava through a volcanic eruption. • Rocks were once melted, but it has cooled and hardened Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 36 of 87
37. IGNEOUS ROCKS There are two types of igneous rocks. 1. Intrusive Igneous – formed underground (In ground) 2. Extrusive Igneous – formed above earth’s crust (Exits the earth) Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 37 of 87
38. PROPERTIES OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS • These are rocks that are formed from magma underground, beneath earth’s crust. • These rocks cool very slowly. They physically look different and feel different than extrusive igneous rocks. • No holes • Lots of crystals (seems to have luster or shiny flakes) • Light and dark minerals • Not lightweight Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 38 of 87
39. PROPERTIES OF EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS • These are rocks that are formed from lava that cools at different rates. • Remember, magma is below earth’s crust. Magma turns to lava when it exits the earth through a volcanic eruption! • May have holes • Cannot see crystals • May be glassy • Lightweight Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 39 of 87
40. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 40 of 87
41. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Sedimentary Rocks are formed from sediments that have been pressed and cemented together. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 41 of 87
42. WHAT ARE SEDIMENTS? • Sediments are pieces of older rocks that have been broken down by a process called weathering. • They are formed through weathering, erosion, and deposition. Stage 3 Sediments are deposited on the sea floor. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 42 of 87
43. DIFFERENT SEDIMENTS • Sediments have various sizes and colors including small pebbles, sand grains, silt, and clay/mud. • Pebbles are small rocks. • Sand grains are large grains of sand with spaces between the grains and may feel gritty. • Silt has grains that are smaller than sand and feels like powder. • Clay has very small grains and is sticky when wet, but forms hard clumps when dry. Pebbles Clay Silt Sand Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 43 of 87
44. PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS •Made of sediments •Form in layers •May contain fossils Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 44 of 87
45. METAMORPHIC ROCKS Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 45 of 87
46. METAMORPHIC ROCKS Metamorphic rocks were once another type of rock deep inside Earth, but extreme heat and pressure caused the minerals to morph, or change, and form into a new type of rock. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 46 of 87
47. METAMORPHIC ROCKS Sedimentary, igneous and even other metamorphic rocks can be changed into metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks Sediments Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Magma W eathering & Erosion Weathering & Erosion Weathering & Erosion Compaction and Cementation Cooling Melting Heat & Pressure Heat & Pressure Melting Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 47 of 87
48. PROPERTIES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS • Metamorphic rocks created by pressure will have minerals lined up in layers. • Some have bands or stripes or alternating (switching) light and dark mineral colors. • Sometimes the heat just changes the size of the mineral crystals. • Metamorphic rocks created mainly by heat do not always have layers or bands. limestone to marble granite to gneiss shale to slate shale to schist Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 48 of 87
49. LET’S PRACTICE! Read the sentence below to determine which rock type is described. This rock forms when magma or lava has cooled and hardened. Which rock type is formed this way? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C 49 of 87
50. CORRECT! Igneous rocks are formed from lava that cools at different rates. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 50 of 87
51. TRY AGAIN Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. The pressure creates layers. Back to Question 51 of 87
52. Back to Question TRY AGAIN Metamorphic rocks are formed due to extreme heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks. 52 of 87
53. LET’S PRACTICE! Read the sentence below to determine which rock type is described. This rock was once another type of rock, but heat and pressure caused the minerals to change and form a new type of rock. Which rock type is formed this way? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C 53 of 87
54. Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks due to extreme heat and pressure! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks CORRECT! 54 of 87
55. TRY AGAIN Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. The pressure creates layers. Back to Question 55 of 87
56. Back to Question TRY AGAIN Igneous rocks are formed from magma or lava. 56 of 87
57. LET’S PRACTICE! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks The table describes how four different rocks formed. Which of these is an igneous rock? Basalt Limestone Marble Sandstone A B C D 57 of 87
58. CORRECT! According to the chart, basalt formed from lava. Igneous rocks form from magma or lava! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 58 of 87
59. According to the chart, limestone contains shells and bones. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils and shells. Back to Question 59 of 87
60. According to the chart, marble is limestone that has been changed by heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks change other rocks into new ones. Back to Question 60 of 87
61. According to the chart, sandstone has sand particles stuck together. Sedimentary rocks form from sediments. Back to Question 61 of 87
62. LET’S PRACTICE! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks The table describes how four different rocks formed. Which of these is a metamorphic rock? Basalt Limestone Marble Sandstone A B C D 62 of 87
63. CORRECT! According to the chart, marble is formed by heat and pressure. Limestone morphed, or changed, into marble. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 63 of 87
64. According to the chart, limestone contains shells and bones. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils and shells. Back to Question 64 of 87
65. According to the chart, marble is limestone that has been changed by heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks change other rocks into new ones. Back to Question 65 of 87
66. According to the chart, sandstone has sand particles stuck together. Sedimentary rocks form from sediments. Back to Question 66 of 87
67. IDENTIFYING ROCKS Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 67 of 87
68. ROCK TYPES Similar to minerals, scientists use physical, observable properties to identify rock types. For example, look at this rock. Does it have layers? No Does it have bands or stripes? No Does it have light and dark minerals? Yes! Then this rock is igneous! This intrusive igneous rock is called granite. You can visibly see the light and dark minerals. This rock also has large crystals that reflect light which looks like small crystal flakes. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 68 of 87
69. LET’S LOOK AT ANOTHER EXAMPLE Similar to minerals, scientists use physical, observable properties to identify rock types. Look at this rock. Does it have layers? Yes Does it have bands or stripes? No, those are layers Does it have light and dark minerals? No Then this rock is sedimentary! This sedimentary rock is called sandstone. You can visibly see the layers created by tiny sediments. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 69 of 87
70. LET’S LOOK AT ANOTHER EXAMPLE Similar to minerals, scientists use physical, observable properties to identify rock types. Look at this rock. Does it have layers? No Does it have bands or stripes? Yes, there are some visible bands Does it have light and dark minerals? Yes, but not speckled Then this rock is metamorphic! This metamorphic rock is called gneiss. Extreme heat and pressure morphed, or changed, granite into this rock. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 70 of 87
71. Physical Appearance Characteristics Rock Type - grainy with crystals of different types of minerals -no layers -melted, but cooled and hardened Igneous - Granite -melted, but cooled and hardened -uniform black color, dull in color with small shiny crystals -few visible grains -no layers Igneous - Basalt -holes formed from trapped air bubbles when lava cooled -no layers Igneous - Pumice -layers are visible -visibly sandy -made by pieces of rock being pressed together Sedimentary - Sandstone -made by pieces of rock being pressed together -fossils and shells may be found in this type of rock Sedimentary - Limestone -created by pressure -light and dark stripes are visible -contains other types of rock that heat and pressure changed Metamorphic – Marble -created mainly by heat -no layers or bands -contains other types of rock that heat and pressure changed Metamorphic - Slate Rock Type Identification Table Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 71 of 87
72. LET’S PRACTICE! A researcher finds two rocks (A and B) while on a dig. Which characteristic of Rock B allows the researcher to classify the rock as sedimentary? presence of large crystals presence of minerals lined in bands presence of very small crystals presence of fossils Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 72 of 87
73. CORRECT! Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments and layering of what has settled or deposited on the ground. Fossils and shells are found in these types of rocks! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 73 of 87
74. TRY AGAIN Presence of large crystals are found in igneous rocks. Remember the granite rock that we looked at? That was an igneous rock due to the large crystals and mixture of light and dark minerals. Back to Question 74 of 87
75. TRY AGAIN Presence of bands are in metamorphic rocks due to the extreme heat and pressure. The heat and pressure changes other rocks into new ones. Back to Question 75 of 87
76. TRY AGAIN Presence of crystals is found in igneous rocks. Igneous rocks have large and small crystals sometimes which makes them sparkle. Back to Question 76 of 87
77. LET’S PRACTICE! The table below describes four different rocks. Based on the table that describes physical appearance and characteristics, which of the following must be pumice? Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 77 of 87
78. CORRECT! Pumice is white or gray, feels rough and often has holes! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 78 of 87
79. TRY AGAIN • Obsidian is black, smooth and glassy. Remember, the question asked for pumice which is white, rough and may contain holes. Back to Question 79 of 87
80. TRY AGAIN Limestone is white, rough and often contains shells. Remember, the question asked for pumice which is white, rough and may contain holes. Look carefully! Back to Question 80 of 87
81. TRY AGAIN • This is sandstone. Sandstone is layered and can be many different colors. Remember, the question asked for pumice which is white, rough and may contain holes. Back to Question 81 of 87
82. LET’S PRACTICE! Which characteristic best helps to identify this rock as sedimentary? It has a grainy look. It has rocks cemented together. It has minerals lined up in bands. It has remains of animals or plants in it. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks A B C D 82 of 87
83. CORRECT! Sedimentary rocks are the type of rocks that may contain shells and fossils! Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 83 of 87
84. TRY AGAIN Sedimentary rocks do contain sediments and can sometimes feel grainy, but there is something that is more obvious in the picture. Look carefully! Which would be the best answer? Back to Question 84 of 87
85. TRY AGAIN Sedimentary rocks are cemented together due to pressure, but there is something that is more obvious in the picture. Look carefully! Which would be the best answer? Back to Question 85 of 87
86. TRY AGAIN This picture does not show any bands. Metamorphic rocks are the types of rocks that have bands. Back to Question 86 of 87
87. EXCELLENT JOB! YOU’RE FINISHED! • You have completed this instructional unit. You may review by clicking on the section you feel needs reviewing before you complete your posttest. • Click on the button below to complete your posttest. Home Button Info Review Learning Objectives Mineral Properties Rock Types Identifying Rocks 87 of 87