Sarcoptic Mange

The following presentation is an introduction to sarcoptic mange, a common ectoparasite infection found all around the world.

Sarcoptic Mange © 2022 by E. Nomi is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Transcript

1. Sarcoptic Mange Sarcoptic Mange March 2022 Photo: petsweekly.com/dogs-101/dogs/dogs-health/parasites-and-mange
2. Aetiology Sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei Photo: Niedringhaus et al. 2019, Figure 1
3. Aetiology Female mite burrows in stratum corneum of epidermis and lays eggs1 Photo: Sugiura et al. 2018, Figure 2 Photo: Rahdar et al. 2008, Figure 4
4. Aetiology Photo: © John Bavosi on Getty Images Photo: Skin, Illustration by Science Source on Science Photo Library ❑ ⏟ ❑
5. Aetiology Symptoms1: – Intense itching – Pimple-like rash – Burrows on skin – Sores, lesions, scabs – Secondary bacterial infection Photo: Cixia, 2007, public domain Photo: Whybrew, 2017, Figure 1
6. Aetiology ∙ Spreads via direct contact with infected individual1 ∙ Rapid infection under crowded conditions1 ∙ Not influenced by hygiene practices or the availability of water2 Photo: © Brett Sayles on pexels.com Photo: change.org/p/new-zealand-ban-factory-farming-pigs-in-new- zealand-3
7. Mammal Hosts ∙ Mites have host-specific species variants affecting more than 100 different mammals3,4,5 ∙ Mites acquired from other mammals don’t reproduce on humans1 – Transient symptoms but no persistent infection Livestock Wildlife Pets Photos: hobbyfarms.com/how-can-i-treat-pig-mites, © Joan Collins from https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/stories/bear-mange, toplapdogs.com/dog-mange/
8. Mammal Hosts ∙ Common in pigs: 50-95% of herds are infested with S. scabiei mites worldwide6 ∙ Effect on agriculture and economy2: – Lower feed conversion efficiency – Reduction in growth and meat/milk production Livestock Wildlife Pets Photos: hobbyfarms.com/how-can-i-treat-pig-mites, © Joan Collins from https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/stories/bear-mange, toplapdogs.com/dog-mange/
9. Mammal Hosts Livestock Wildlife Pets Photos: hobbyfarms.com/how-can-i-treat-pig-mites, © Joan Collins from https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/stories/bear-mange, toplapdogs.com/dog-mange/ ∙Millions of wild animals worldwide suffer from sarcoptic mange4 ∙Effect on ecology7: – Infection mortality challenges conservation efforts – Transmission between wild and domesticated animals
10. Mammal Hosts ∙ Common among abused or neglected pets Livestock Wildlife Pets Photos: hobbyfarms.com/how-can-i-treat-pig-mites, © Joan Collins from https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/stories/bear-mange, toplapdogs.com/dog-mange/
11. Camel Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli Photo: "Camel Mange In Tharparkar" by Abdullah Arijo on technologytimes.pk
12. Cattle Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis Photo: toxoplasmosiscenter.blogspot.com/2020/04/sarcoptic-mange-in-cattle.html
13. Goat Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae Photo: "A goat with sarcoptic mange" by Alan R Walker on southafrica.co.za
14. Fox Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes Photo: “A juvenile fox with mange” by Mary Lee Agnew on wildlifeonline.me.uk Photo: © Rob Williams on wildlifeonline.me.uk
15. Rabbit Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi Photo: Arul Prakash et al. 2016, Figure 6 Photo: Arul Prakash et al. 2016, Figure 5
16. Dog Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis8 – Evidence suggests cross-species mite infection between dogs, rabbits and red fox Photo: © 2022 Animal Aid Unlimited on animalaidunlimited.org Photo: petmd.com
17. Pig Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis Photo: © The Peninsula Humane Society & SPCA on koit.com/96-5-koit-blog Photo: © Caters News on storytrender.com
18. Bear Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei (no var. name)9 Photo: © Joan Collins on adirondackexplorer.org
19. Cat Hosts Notoedres cati, a look-alike of Sarcoptes scabiei causing mange2 Photo: allaboutcats.com/mange-in-cats
20. Guinea Pig Hosts Trixacarus caviae, a look-alike of Sarcoptes scabiei causing mange2 Photo: © EmmasBears on emmasguineapigs.blogspot.com
21. Human Hosts Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis2,10 – Affects over 200 million people worldwide Photo: Rahdar, 2008, Figure 2 Photo: Walton, 2007, Figure 2
22. Crusted (Norwegian) scabies1,2,4,10 – Hyperinfestation – Thick crusts of epidermis contain millions of mites and eggs – Occurs mainly in the immunocompromised – Highly contagious, spreads on fabrics Extreme Symptoms Photo: Walton, 2007, Figure 3
23. Who Gets Sarcoptic Mange? ∙ Found worldwide, affecting people of all socioeconomic levels1,2,11 ∙ Outbreaks common in institutionalized settings1,2,11 – Nursing homes, hospitals, jails, childcare facilities Photo: Jaimie Ding on oregonlive.com Photo: sitedebelezaemoda.com.br/seguro-saude-viagem
24. ∙ Females burrow into stratum corneum of epidermis and feed on tissue fluids12,13 ∙ Deposit 2-4 eggs per day5,12 ∙ Remain there for life (1-2 months)5,12 Life Cycle Adapted from Mumcuoglu et al., 2009, Figure 9
25. ∙ Eggs hatch in 3-4 days and larvae migrate to skin surface5,12 ∙ Larvae mature into nymphs in 3-4 days5 Life Cycle Adapted from Mumcuoglu et al., 2009, Figure 9
26. ∙ Nymphs burrow in shallow moulting pouches and mature into adults in 4-6 days5,12 Life Cycle Adapted from Mumcuoglu et al., 2009, Figure 9
27. ∙ Male joins female in her moulting pouch to mate12 Life Cycle Adapted from Mumcuoglu et al., 2009, Figure 9
28. The cycle continues. ∙ 10% of eggs develop into males12 ∙ Males rarely seen - live in shallow pits until they mate12 ∙Typically up to 15 mites per host9 Life Cycle Mumcuoglu et al., 2009, Figure 9
29. Obligate Parasitism ∙ Every life stage of mite requires host ∙ Var. hominis and canis mites survive 1-3 days away from host at room temperature1,2 Figure: Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis in burrow Photo: Arlian & Morgan, 2017, Figure 1
30. Diagnosis ∙ No standardized method or procedure for diagnosis14 ∙ Usually relies on clinical signs of rash and itching4,15 Photo: std-gov.org/stds/scabies.htm
31. Diagnosis Skin Scraping ∙ Direct observation with microscope9 Pros: – Precise, provides clear identification Cons: – Can produce false negatives with low mite burden Photo: leicesterskinvet.co.uk/diagnostic-and-lab-testing
32. Diagnosis PCR ∙ Detects mite-specific DNA16 Pros16: – High specificity Cons:11,17 – Low sensitivity with low mite burden – False positives due to background contamination from exogenous sources of DNA Photo: ipsumdiagnostics.com/homepage/pcr-testing
33. Diagnosis ELISA Photo: enzolifesciences.com ∙ Detects antibodies to mite antigens in serum8 Pros5,8,11: – Highly specific – Supplements PCR results Cons5,8,11: – Cannot distinguish current from past infection status – Developed only for animal scabies
34. Chemical Treatments Photos: drugsdepot.com, thescabiescure.com, ebay.co.uk, drscabies.com/blog/is-sulfur-helpful-in-treating-scabies Topical scabicides10: – 5% permethrin – 0.5% malathion in aqueous base – 10–25% benzyl benzoate emulsion – 5–10% sulphur ointment
35. Ivermectin10: – Oral (for humans, safety in pregnant women and children under 15 kg unknown) – Topical Spray – Injection Chemical Treatments Photos: tajgenerics.com/portfolio-item/ivermectin-6mg-dispersible-tablets-taj-pharma, ncvets.co.nz/livestock/sheep/sheep-technician-services, agridirect.ie/product/clik-pouron, walmart.com
36. Natural Treatments Photo: blog.alikaynaturals.com/tea-tree-oil-benefits 5% tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)18,19,20,21: – Applied topically once a day or 2-3 times a week for up to 4 weeks
37. Natural Treatments Photo: realfoodinafastworld.com Crude gel of Aloe vera22: – Applied topically once a day for 3 consecutive days, repeated again 1 week later
38. Natural Treatments Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae)23,24: – Applied topically over entire body after bathing, once a week for 4 weeks, with no baths in between Photo: indiamart.com
39. The Future of Sarcoptic Mange ∙ The World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged sarcoptic mange as a neglected tropical disease in 201711 ∙ Included in WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030: Photo: WHO, Executive summary. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030
40. References 1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, September 1). Scabies Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Retrieved March 29, 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/gen_info/faqs.html. 2. McCarthy, J. S., Kemp, D. J., Walton, S. F., & Currie, B. J. (2004). Scabies: more than just an irritation. Postgraduate medical journal, 80(945), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2003.014563. 3. Valldeperes, M., Moroni, B., Rossi, L., López-Olvera, J. R., Velarde, R., Molinar Min, A. R., Mentaberre, G., Serrano, E., Angelone, S., Lavín, S., & Granados, J. E. (2021). First report of interspecific transmission of sarcoptic mange from Iberian ibex to wild boar. Parasites & vectors, 14(1), 481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04979-w. 4. Walton, S. F., & Currie, B. J. (2007). Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease in human and animal populations. Clinical microbiology reviews, 20(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00042-06. 5. Niedringhaus, K. D., Brown, J. D., Sweeley, K. M., & Yabsley, M. J. (2019). A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife. International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 9, 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.003. 6. Cargill, C. F., Pointon, A. M., Davies, P. R., & Garcia, R. (1997). Using slaughter inspections to evaluate sarcoptic mange infestation of finishing swine. Veterinary Parasitology, 70(1-3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(96)01137-5 7. Rasero, R., Rossi, L., Soglia, D., Maione, S., Sacchi, P., Rambozzi, L., … Alasaad, S. (2010). Host taxon-derived Sarcoptes mite in European wild animals revealed by microsatellite markers. Biological Conservation, 143(5), 1269–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.001 8. Arlian, L. G., & Morgan, M. S. (2017). A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future. Parasites & vectors, 10(1), 297. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2234-1. 9. Van Wick, M., & Hashem, B. (2018). Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange in an American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) with a Single Oral Dose of Fluralaner. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. https://doi.org/10.7589/2017-12-310 10. The World Health Organization. (2020, August 16). Scabies. Retrieved April 18, 2022 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies. 11. El-Moamly A. A. (2021). Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030: what we know and what we need to do for global control. Tropical medicine and health, 49(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00348-6. 12. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, September 1). Biology. Retrieved April 7, 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/biology.html.
41. References 13. Chouela, E., Abeldaño, A., Pellerano, G., & Hernández, M. I. (2002). Diagnosis and treatment of scabies: a practical guide. American journal of clinical dermatology, 3(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203010-00002. 14. Engelman, D., Fuller, L. C., Steer, A. C., & International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Delphi panel (2018). Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of scabies: A Delphi study of international experts. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 12(5), e0006549. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006549. 15. Gilson RL, Crane JS. Scabies. [Updated 2021 Aug 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306. 16. Angelone-Alasaad, S., Molinar Min, A., Pasquetti, M., Alagaili, A. N., D'Amelio, S., Berrilli, F., Obanda, V., Gebely, M. A., Soriguer, R. C., & Rossi, L. (2015). Universal conventional and real- time PCR diagnosis tools for Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasites & vectors, 8, 587. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1204-8. 17. Yang, S., & Rothman, R. E. (2004). PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 4(6), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01044-8. 18. Walton, S. F., McKinnon, M., Pizzutto, S., Dougall, A., Williams, E., & Currie, B. J. (2004). Acaricidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil. Archives of Dermatology, 140(5). https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.140.5.563. 19. Shiven, A., Alam, A., & Kapoor, D. N. (2020). Natural and synthetic agents for the treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei: a review. Annals of parasitology, 66(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.17420/ap6604.287. 20. Gopinath, H., Aishwarya, M., & Karthikeyan, K. (2018). Tackling scabies: novel agents for a neglected disease. International Journal of Dermatology, 57(11), 1293–1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13999. 21. Thomas, J., Carson, C. F., Peterson, G. M., Walton, S. F., Hammer, K. A., Naunton, M., Davey, R. C., Spelman, T., Dettwiller, P., Kyle, G., Cooper, G. M., & Baby, K. E. (2016). Therapeutic Potential of Tea Tree Oil for Scabies. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 94(2), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0515. 22. Oyelami, O. A., Onayemi, A., Oyedeji, O. A., & Adeyemi, L. A. (2009). Preliminary study of effectiveness of aloe vera in scabies treatment. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 23(10), 1482– 1484. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2614. 23. Robinson, S. (1907). Report on the Treatment of Scabies with Balsam of Peru. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 8(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-08-01-12 24. Balsam of Peru in the Treatment of Scabies. (1907). The Hospital, 41(1070), 426–427.