to guide policies to address nutrient deficiencies by identifying priority avenues and interventions. • Identify three types of micronutrient adequacy: ØNutrient Production Adequacy (NPA) ØNutrient Market Adequacy (NMA) ØNutrient Household Adequacy (NHA). • Identify the major sources of nutrients consumed and produced in the country. • Analyze nutrient demand elasticities to explore potential impacts of price and income changes. • Map nutrient adequacy to identify areas of the country with the highest gaps. • Discuss policy implications and potential strategies to fill nutrient gaps.
(if it does not exist, we use for the region or a neighboring country) to obtain the nutrient content of all foods consumed by households or produced in the country. • Assess nutrient adequacy Ø The Adult Male Equivalent (AME) factor is used to estimate per capita nutrients. Ø Compare nutrients produced or consumed with population or household nutrient requirements. • Estimate elasticities of demand with regard to prices and income using the QUAIDS model (Banks et al. 1997). • Energy, protein, and 10 micronutrients were considered (calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine).
the availability of nutrients on the market is more than sufficient for proteins, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and niacin. • NMA is far lower than NPA for most nutrients in both countries, suggesting high levels of nutrient loss between production and consumption. • Households consume less than half of the required levels of all nutrients in Rwanda except protein, folate, and Vitamin C for which there are production surpluses. Senegal Rwanda NPA (%) NMA (%) NHA (%) NPA (%) NMA (%) NHA (%) Energy (Kcal) 140.2 97.3 86.5 59.0 47.0 47.1 Calcium (mg.) 44.9 43.9 47.0 66.8 36.3 36.6 Iron (mg.) 195.8 74.5 65.0 73.9 45.4 45.8 Protein (g.) 257.1 145.2 94.3 133.3 53.7 51.4 Zinc (mg.) 156.8 62.0 60.9 77.1 29.9 30.9 Vitamin A (mcg.) 180.8 167.9 89.1 48.5 40.1 37.5 Vitamin B6 (mg.) 152.7 66.7 66.4 Vitamin B12 (mcg.) 153.6 165.2 80.0 110.9 47.1 38.1 Folate (mcg.) 224.4 79.0 68.3 147.7 61.1 58.6 Vitamin C (mg.) 152.4 96.0 75.6 201.6 130.6 83.8 Niacin (mg.) 274.6 129.4 91.5 94.0 25.9 27.1 Thiamin (mg.) 241.1 73.3 68.8 86.5 30.6 31.9 Riboflavin (mg.) 77.7 58.3 60.6 101.7 25.8 25.8
Increased production of green vegetables, cassava leaves, and carrots could help to improve Vitamin A production adequacy in Rwanda. • Irish potatoes are top contributors to consumption of iron and several other nutrients in Rwanda. • In Senegal, palm oil and vegetable oils are top contributors to consumption of vitamin A. • Millet and peanuts account for the largest share of Senegal’s production of iron. Top sources, production Top sources, consumption Senegal Iron (mg.) Millet Millet (grains) Peanut Millet (processed) Rice Rice (whole) Sorghum Cowpea Maize Maize (grains) Vitamin A (mcg.) Oil palm fruit Palm oil Mango Vegetable oils Watermelon Peanut oil Cassava Carrot Carrot Other vegetable oils Rwanda Iron (mg.) Bean Irish potato Cattle meat Dried beans Maize Amaranth Sorghum Cassava flour Potato Sweet potato Vitamin A (mcg.) Milk Amaranth Green vegetables: inyabutongo Palm oil Cassava leaves Carrot Carrots Cassava leaves Sweet potatoes Tomato
level, Senegal km 0 100 (190,4000] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] Missing km 0 100 (190,600] (170,190] (150,170] (130,150] (110,130] (90,110] (70,90] (50,70] (30,50] [0,30] km 0 100 (90,100] (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10] NMA NPA NHA • National production of vitamin A is adequate, yet there are departmental inadequacies. • Production surpluses are observed in southern Senegal. • Demand constraints are also apply in the eastern part of the country.
0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 Calories Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitam in B12 Vitam in A Vitam in C Niacin Thiam in Riboflavin Elasticity Rural Urban 0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 Calories Protein Calcium Iron Zinc Folate Vitam in B12 Vitam in A Vitam in B6 Vitam in C Niacin Thiam in Riboflavin Rural Urban Senegal Rwanda • Of all nutrients examined, the lowest income elasticity is that for Vitamin A in the rural areas of Rwanda. • Income elasticities are close to 1.0 for several nutrients. • There are substantial differences between nutrient groups. • Income elasticity is highest in both areas for vitamins B12.
nutrient adequacy Production Market Household • Adjusting the crop mix • Incentives to encourage the production of nutrient-rich crops • Biofortification • Reducing postharvest losses and food waste • Decreasing nutrient loss during storage and processing • Increasing the supply of nutrients from sources other than national production: trade and industrial fortification. • Social protection programs: income transfers; price interventions • Price subsidies for key foods • Nutrition education programs (maternal education, community outreach) • Commercial marketing of healthy foods
protein, folate, and Vitamin C, all other micronutrients have nutrient market and household adequacy levels below 50%. • Calcium is the most problematic nutrient in Senegal, follow by riboflavin and zinc. • The demand for vitamin B12 is more sensitive to income variations in both countries. • The demand for vitamin A is relatively elastic to the price of oil in both areas in Senegal and only in rural areas in Rwanda. • Despite sufficient production of most nutrients, overall availability of nutrients in the markets as well as consumption at the household level remains below requirements.
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