World War II

Transcript

1. World War II 1931-1945
2. Fascism n  Stressed nationalism and placed the interest of the country on the individual n  Power must be put in a single strong leader with a small group of supporters n  Word from the Latin fasces—a bundle of rods around an axle handle, it was a symbol of Roman power
3. Rise of Dictators n  Italy—Benito Mussolini n  Germany—Adolf Hitler n  Japan—Hideki Tojo n  Union of Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR)—Josef Stalin
4. Italy n  Benito Mussolini Il Duce n  Supporters were called the “Black Shirts” n  Named the head of government in 1922, was supported by: n  Police, Army, Government officials n  Established corporate state to bring workers and employers together to end fighting of multi-party system
5. Germany n  National Socialist Worker’s Party (NAZI) n  Adolf Hitler Der Fuher, named Chancellor in January 1933 n  Supporters called “brown shirts” n  Believed in extreme nationalism involving racial purification and expansion for Germans n  Aryans = “master race” n  Lebensraum = “living space”
6. Japan n  Hideki Tojo, Chief of Staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army n  Military leaders wanted control of Empire to expand because of Japan’s limited resources n  Invaded Manchuria in 1931, controlled the region within months
7. USSR n  Josef Stalin became Soviet dictator in 1927 n  Wanted to industrialize the country n  Would NOT tolerate opposition
8. Aggression Begins n  Japan invades Manchuria, China 1931 n  Hitler placed German troops in Rhineland, a German area along the border of France and Belgium in 1935 n  Italy invades Ethiopia in hopes to create new Roman Empire in 1937
9. U.S. Isolationism n  1935 Congress passed the Neutrality Acts 1.  Outlawed arms sales to nations at war 2.  Outlawed loans to nations at war 3.  Outlawed both to nations at Civil War n  1937, FDR is able to circumvent Neutrality Acts because Japan never declared war on China, so US could sell arms and supplies to China
10. War Begins in Europe n  November 3, 1937—Hitler meets with advisors and plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into Third Reich n  March 12, 1938—Germany moved into Austria unopposed and united 2 countries (violation of the Treaty of Versailles) n  No reaction is taken by the world or the US n  Appeasement—giving up principle to pacify an aggressor
11. Germany declares n  Hitler announced Germany was claiming an area of Czechoslovakia called Sudetenland n  Home to many German speaking people n  Wanted living space and natural resources n  Munich Agreement, Sept. 30, 1938 n  Sudetenland would be Hitler’s last demand, and was granted to be given to Germany n  Czechoslovakia had no say n  March 1939, German troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
12. Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression n  Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact, Aug. 1939 n  Hitler and Stalin signed agreeing not to fight one another n  Shocked the world; communism and fascism are opposed to each other n  Secret deal to divide Poland between the 2 countries
13. Advancement n  Sept. 1, 1939—blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) in Poland, USSR took its share of Poland n  Sept. 3, 1939—Great Britain and France declare war on Germany WORLD WAR II BEGINS!!!!!
14. France Falls n  Maginot Line is ineffective because Germany advanced through Belgium n  June 1940—France Falls n  Germany controls the North of France n  Nazi puppet leader, Vichy France, in the South
15. WWII n  Great Britain and France build up defenses in Europe after the fall of Poland to the USSR and Germany n  Maginot Line—a system of fortification along France’s Eastern border to protect against Germany—sitzkrieg “sitting war” n  April 9, 1940—Hitler launched an invasion of Denmark and Norway, as a way to reach Great Britain, then invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg to reach France
16. Battle of Britain n  Hitler used Luftwaffe Nazi air force to attack Great Britain n  Started with military cities, then hit London n  Great Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) bombed Berlin n  Hitler ordered Luftwaffe to bomb all G.B. n  RAF had radar technology that let them detect incoming German planes n  Destroyed 185 German planes in 1 day
17. Luftwaffe vs. British RAF
18. Result n  Hitler called off the invasion of Great Britain n  “Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few” n  Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941— breaking the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact n  Siege Leningrad for 900 days n  Moscow winters take their toll on the German invaders n  Stalingrad is the next attack
19. Stalingrad n  Summer 1942—Germany advancing into SU n  Stalingrad—large city; invasion would be a huge blow to the SU n  Soviets have more supplies and men and were able to surround the city and German army in it n  Germany surrenders 1943 n  German forces captured and kept until 1955!
20. Stalingrad after battle
21. US Moves Toward War n  US had loyalties to Allies n  Sept. 1939—FDR and Congress passed “cash and carry”: allowed warring nations to buy US arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships. n  FDR believed if the US helped Great Britain and France win, it would keep the US out of war n  US increased funding for national defense
22. Lend-Lease Act n  March 1941 n  Great Britain had run out of money and could not pay cash for arms n  Decision: President could lend or lease arms and supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the US” n  This also extended to the USSR after German invasion
23. US deals with Europe and Asia Europe: n  FDR and Churchill (Great Britain) signed the Atlantic Charter—a joint declaration of: n  war aims, collective security, disarmaments, self- determination, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas Japan n  Japan expands to take over Southeast Asia n  US refuses to trade with Japan cutting off oil supply
24. Pearl Harbor n  December 7, 1941 n  Bombers followed by 180 war planes and 6 aircraft carriers in less than 2 hours n  2,403 killed n  1,178 injured n  21 ships sunk or destroyed n  300 planes destroyed n  Kamikaze: “divine wind” pilots flew planes into ships, buildings, or any other target that could result in more damage; considered an honorable death
25. Pearl Harbor
26. Pearl Harbor
27. Pearl Harbor
28. Pearl Harbor Today The Pearl Harbor Memorial Monument on the U.S.S. Arizona
29. US enter WWII n  US declares WAR on Japan the following day; December 8, 1941 n  December 11, 1941—Germany and Italy declare war on the US
30. U.S. vs. Japan U.S. P40 (Flying Tigers) Japanese Zeros (Kamikaze)
31. Japanese Kamikaze Pilots
32. Powers in Africa n  Italy wants control of the Suez Canal (Great Britain had control at the time); Germany arrives in 1941 to help n  GB launches a counter-attack in Oct. 1942 n  1st successful British force of war; Great Britain comes from the East/US comes from the North-west n  May 1943—Germany surrenders at El Alamein n  North Africa gives good launching point to Italy
33. Benito Mussolini n  Sept. 1943—Mussolini is ousted; caused by Great Britain and US invasions; Germany tries to help fight Allies n  June 4, 1944—Rome is liberated n  Great Britain and US establish air force bases in Italy n  April 28, 1945—Mussolini and his followers were hung and stoned to death
34. D-Day n  June 6, 1944—Soviets wanted a second front opened to take some of the force of the Germany; landing of Normandy was the result n  Germany was surprised, but able to still launch an attack; almost pushed Great Britain and US out of France n  Great Britain and US successfully liberate France
35. D-Day Troops landing at D-Day Map of D-Day Attack
36. Germany Surrenders n  Soviets enter Germany first n  April 1945—all allied forces reach Berlin n  May 7, 1945—Germany agrees to unconditional surrender n  Hitler committed suicide, April 30, 1945 (shot himself)
37. Hiroshima and Nagasaki n  August 6, 1945—Hiroshima bombed 1st n  August 9, 1945—Nagasaki bombed 2nd n  US did not bomb Tokyo; they had been affected by other bombs and total war enough n  August 8, 1945—SU declares war on Japan (did this in order to get a piece of the settlements)
38. Hiroshima after bomb
39. Hiroshima after bomb
40. Hiroshima victims
41. Japanese Surrender n  Sept. 2, 1945—Japanese surrender n  Didn’t want any more bombs; they didn’t know that the US didn’t have anymore, but the SU definitely did n  Surrender was made to be unconditional surrender n  Japanese asked for one thing—to keep their Emperor (Hirohito) and it was granted
42. WWII: End of War
43. Civilian Atrocities n  Rape of Nanking (1930s)—Japanese never persecuted for their crimes n  Holocaust: n  6 million Jews killed (11 million total) n  Gulags: (Stalin’s form of Concentration Camps) n  Political opposition was sent
44. Big 3 Winners n  United States n  Great Britain n  Soviet Union n  No official end of war, like the Treaty of Versailles for WWI n  GERMANY LOST! n  No reparations to be paid for WWII
45. Conferences n  Casablanca (“unconditional surrender”)— called for surrender of Germany by the Allies n  Teheran n  Yalta n  Potsdam n  All these conferences were dealing with how to deal with the colonies of the large, lost empires
46. Germany n  Germany is originally divided between East and West n  Germany was devastated by the war n  Allies do not want the country to be able to build up powers again, too fast n  Allies do not want the country to go broke n  Division helps Allies lend support and supplies
47. United Nations n  The League of Nations leads to the development of the United Nations n  UN has power to enforce the rules that they give out by the Security Council: n  5 permanent spots (US, France, Russia/USSR, China, Great Britian)—important because they get veto power (this power brings immediate tension between US and SU) n  6 rotating spots for other countries to be involved