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Refactoring Graphs: Assessing Refactoring over Time

Refactoring Graphs: Assessing Refactoring over Time

Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution. Frequently, practitioners rely on such transformations to improve source code maintainability and quality. As a consequence, this process may produce new source code entities or change the structure of existing ones. Sometimes, the transformations are atomic, i.e., performed in a single commit. In other cases, they generate sequences of modifications performed over time. To study and reason about refactorings over time, in this paper, we propose a novel concept called refactoring graphs and provide an algorithm to build such graphs. Then, we investigate the history of 10 popular open-source Java-based projects. After eliminating trivial graphs, we characterize a large sample of 1,150 refactoring graphs, providing quantitative data on their size, commits, age, refactoring composition, and developers. We conclude by discussing applications and implications of refactoring graphs, for example, to improve code comprehension, detect refactoring patterns, and support software evolution studies.

ASERG, DCC, UFMG

February 19, 2020
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  1. Refactoring Graphs: Assessing
    Refactoring over Time
    Aline Brito, Andre Hora, Marco Tulio Valente
    IEEE SANER 2020

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  2. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    2
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  3. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    3
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  4. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    4
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  5. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    5
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  6. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    6
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  7. Motivation
    Refactoring is an essential activity during software evolution
    7
    Refactoring
    engines
    Motivation Benefits and
    challenges
    Refactoring
    over time

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  8. “Refactoring takes time...”
    8
    Fowler, 1999

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  9. Refactoring
    Graph
    9

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  10. A refactoring graph is a
    set of disconnected
    subgraphs
    10
    Refactoring Graph
    Software history

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  11. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    11

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  12. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    Method A()
    from class Foo
    12

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  13. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    Method A()
    from class Foo
    Alice Bob
    Two developers
    13

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  14. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    Alice moved
    method A() from class Foo to Bar
    14

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  15. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE RENAME
    Six days later, Bob renamed
    method A() to B()
    15

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  16. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    These operations create a
    refactoring subgraph over time
    RENAME
    16

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  17. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    The refactoring subgraph contains three vertices
    RENAME
    17

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  18. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    MOVE RENAME
    The refactoring subgraph contains two edges
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    18

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  19. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    The edge represents the refactoring operation
    RENAME
    19

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  20. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    MOVE
    util.Foo#A() util.Bar#A() util.Bar#B()
    The vertices are the full signature of methods
    RENAME
    20

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  21. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    Method A() from class Foo and
    package util
    util.Foo#A()
    RENAME
    21

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  22. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    A refactoring subgraph can include refactorings
    performed by one or more developers
    RENAME
    22

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  23. Example of Refactoring Subgraph
    class Foo{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    A(){…}
    }
    class Bar{
    B(){…}
    }
    MOVE
    The subgraph contains refactorings
    performed by two authors
    RENAME
    23

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  24. Outline
    1. RefDiff Tool
    2. Dataset
    3. Building refactoring graphs
    4. Results
    24

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  25. RefDiff Tool
    25

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  26. RefDiff
    A multi-language refactoring detection tool
    Refactorings between two versions of a
    git-based project
    26
    RefDiff 2.0: A Multi-language Refactoring Detection Tool
    TSE, 2020

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  27. RefDiff
    Rename Extract
    Move Extract and Move
    Rename and Move Push Down
    Inline Pull Up
    We center on eight refactorings at the method level
    27

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  28. Rename
    Method
    util.Foo#a() util.Foo#b()
    util.Foo#m() util.Bar#m()
    util.Foo#a() util.Bar#b()
    Move and
    Rename
    Method
    Move
    Method
    Most trivial operations
    28

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  29. Rename
    Method
    util.Foo#a() util.Foo#b()
    util.Foo#m() util.Bar#m()
    util.Foo#a() util.Bar#b()
    Move and
    Rename
    Method
    Move
    Method
    Change in method’s name
    29

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  30. Rename
    Method
    util.Foo#a() util.Foo#b()
    util.Foo#a() util.Bar#b()
    Move and
    Rename
    Method
    Change in method’s class
    util.Foo#m() util.Bar#m()
    Move
    Method
    30

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  31. util.Foo#m() util.Bar#m()
    Move
    Method
    Change in method’s name and class
    Rename
    Method
    util.Foo#a() util.Foo#b()
    util.Foo#a() util.Bar#b()
    Move and
    Rename
    Method
    31

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  32. Push
    Down
    Method
    util.SubFoo2#m()
    util.SuperFoo#m()
    util.SubFoo1#m()
    util.SubFooi#m()
    Pull up
    Method
    util.SubFoo2#m() util.SuperFoo#m()
    util.SubFoo1#m()
    util.SubFooi#m()
    32

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  33. Push
    Down
    Method
    util.SubFoo2#m()
    util.SuperFoo#m()
    util.SubFoo1#m()
    util.SubFooi#m()
    Moving a method from a
    superclass to one or more
    subclasses
    33

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  34. Pull up
    Method
    util.SubFoo2#m() util.SuperFoo#m()
    util.SubFoo1#m()
    util.SubFooi#m()
    Moving one or more
    methods from subclasses
    to a superclass
    34

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  35. Extract Method
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    35

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  36. Extract Method
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    Extracting multiple
    methods from a single
    method
    36

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  37. Extract Method
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    Extracting a single method
    from multiple methods
    37

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  38. Inline
    Method
    util.Bar2#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Bar1#m1()
    util.Bari#mi()
    Extract
    and Move
    Method
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Bar#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    38

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  39. Extract
    and Move
    Method
    util.Foo#m2()
    util.Bar#m()
    util.Foo#m1()
    util.Foo#mi()
    Extracting a method
    to a distinct class
    39

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  40. Inline
    Method
    util.Bar2#m2()
    util.Foo#m()
    util.Bar1#m1()
    util.Bari#mi()
    Removal of trivial elements
    and replacement of the
    respective calls
    40

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  41. Dataset
    41

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  42. Dataset
    10 popular Java projects in terms of stars on GitHub
    42

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  43. Dataset
    10 popular Java projects in terms of stars on GitHub
    43

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  44. Dataset
    + 100 Java files
    + 1K commits
    10 popular Java projects in terms of stars on GitHub
    44

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  45. Building Refactoring Graphs
    45

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  46. Building Refactoring Graphs
    46
    Scripts
    INPUT OUTPUT
    We implement a set of scripts to build
    refactoring graphs

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  47. Building Refactoring Graphs
    47
    Algorithm
    INPUT OUTPUT
    The input comprises a list of refactorings

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  48. Building Refactoring Graphs
    48
    INPUT OUTPUT
    Identification of each refactoring and the
    two methods involved
    Algorithm

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  49. Building Refactoring Graphs
    49
    INPUT OUTPUT
    Creation of a directed edge representing
    this refactoring
    Algorithm

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  50. Building Refactoring Graphs
    50
    Algorithm
    INPUT OUTPUT
    The output includes
    sets of refactoring subgraphs in text format

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  51. Building Refactoring Graphs
    51
    We detected a total of
    8,926 refactoring subgraphs

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  52. Building Refactoring Graphs
    52
    We assess 1,150 (13%) refactoring subgraphs with
    more than one commit

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  53. Results
    53

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  54. RQ1: What is the size of
    refactoring subgraphs?
    54

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  55. Number of vertices by refactoring subgraph
    55

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  56. Number of vertices by refactoring subgraph
    Number of vertices ranges
    from two to four (85%)
    56

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  57. Number of vertices by refactoring subgraph
    The most frequent cases are subgraphs with
    three vertices (639 occurrences, 56%)
    57

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  58. Number of edges by refactoring subgraph
    58

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  59. Number of edges by refactoring subgraph
    Number of edges ranges
    between two and three (83%)
    59

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  60. Number of edges by refactoring subgraph
    The most frequent cases are subgraphs with
    two edges (772 occurrences, 67%)
    60

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  61. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    61

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  62. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    A developer renamed
    drawYLegend() to
    drawYLabels()
    62

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  63. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    RENAME
    13 days
    later
    The same
    developer
    extracted a new
    method
    63

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  64. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    Two days
    later
    The developer
    made new
    extractions to
    another class
    64

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  65. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    Only one
    developer
    65

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  66. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    Five
    vertices
    66

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  67. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    Four edges
    67

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  68. Refactoring subgraph from MPAndroidChart
    RENAME EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    AND
    MOVE
    Three
    commits
    Commit C1 Commit C2
    Commit C3
    68

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  69. RQ2: How many commits are
    there in refactoring subgraphs?
    69

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  70. Number of commits by refactoring subgraph
    70

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  71. Number of commits by refactoring subgraph
    Most refactoring subgraphs are created in
    two or three commits (95%)
    71

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  72. Number of commits by refactoring subgraph
    Most recurrent case has
    two commits (81%)
    72

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  73. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C1 Commit C2
    73

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  74. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C1
    A developer moved
    two methods to
    another class
    74

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  75. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    A second developer
    extracted duplicated
    code from three
    methods
    Three months
    later
    Commit C2
    75

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  76. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Two methods are the
    ones moved early
    76

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  77. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Two authors
    were
    responsible for
    this refactoring
    subgraph
    77

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  78. Refactoring subgraph from Elasticsearch
    MOVE
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C1 Commit C2
    Two
    commits
    78

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  79. RQ3: What is the age of
    refactoring subgraphs?
    79

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  80. Age of the refactoring subgraphs
    Most recent
    commit
    Oldest
    commit
    Age
    80

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  81. Age of the refactoring subgraphs
    81

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  82. Age of the refactoring subgraphs
    82
    67% of the refactoring subgraphs have
    more than one month

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  83. Age of the refactoring subgraphs
    Some subgraphs
    have few days
    83

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  84. Age of the refactoring subgraphs
    Most subgraphs
    have weeks or
    even months
    84

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  85. Refactoring subgraph from Spring Framework
    RENAME
    RENAME
    85

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  86. Refactoring subgraph from Spring Framework
    RENAME
    RENAME
    Commit C1
    A developer renamed method
    before(...) to filterBefore(...)
    86

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  87. Refactoring subgraph from Spring Framework
    RENAME
    The same developer reverted the operation, renaming
    filterBefore(...) to before(...)
    RENAME
    87
    Six days
    later

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  88. Refactoring subgraph from Spring Framework
    RENAME
    RENAME
    A single developer
    was responsible for
    this refactoring
    subgraph
    88

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  89. Refactoring subgraph from Spring Framework
    RENAME
    RENAME
    Two commits
    Commit C1
    Commit C2
    89

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  90. RQ4: Which refactorings
    compose the refactoring
    subgraphs?
    90

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  91. Frequency of refactoring operations
    91

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  92. Frequency of refactoring operations
    Most common refactoring operations include
    rename (21%), extract and move
    (19%), and extract (17%)
    92

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  93. Frequency of refactoring operations
    We detected only 83 occurrences of
    move and rename operations
    93

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  94. Frequency of refactoring operations
    There are also few inheritance-based
    refactorings
    94

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  95. Homogeneous:
    Subgraphs with a single
    refactoring operation
    Heterogeneous:
    Subgraphs with two or
    more distinct refactoring
    operations
    Two groups:
    95

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  96. Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous subgraphs
    96

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  97. Heterogeneous x Homogeneous subgraphs
    Most refactoring subgraphs include
    more than one refactoring type
    (72%)
    97

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  98. Number of distinct refactoring operations
    Most heterogeneous subgraphs includes two
    distinct refactoring types (84%)
    98

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  99. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    99

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  100. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Four extract
    method
    operations
    100

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  101. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    A developer
    extracted method
    fetchDecodedImage(...)
    101

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  102. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    years later
    EXTRACT
    A second
    developer made
    two new extract
    operations
    102

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  103. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Two
    developers
    103

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  104. Homogeneous refactoring subgraph from
    Facebook Fresco
    EXTRACT EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C1 Commit C2
    Commit C3
    Three
    commits
    104

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  105. RQ5: Are the refactoring
    subgraphs created by the same
    or multiple developers?
    105

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  106. Subgraphs
    performed by a
    single developer
    Subgraphs created
    by multiple
    developers
    Two groups:
    106

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  107. Developers of refactoring subgraphs
    107

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  108. Developers of refactoring subgraphs
    Most refactoring subgraphs are created
    by a single developer (60%)
    108

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  109. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    109

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  110. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C1
    A developer
    renamed three
    methods
    110

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  111. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C2
    A second developer
    extracted method
    checkDuration(...)
    111

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  112. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C2 Commit C3
    … moving to a
    new class named
    Util
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    112

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  113. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Two
    developers
    113

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  114. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Seven refactoring
    operations
    114

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  115. Refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    RENAME
    RENAME
    RENAME
    MOVE
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    EXTRACT
    Commit C3
    Three
    commits
    Commit C2
    Commit C1
    115

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  116. Large Subgraph Example
    116

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  117. Large refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    117
    37 vertices

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  118. Large refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    Push down and
    move method
    operations
    118

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  119. Large refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    24 extract and
    move method
    operations
    119

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  120. Large refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    21 extract and move
    operations to a
    single method
    120

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  121. Large refactoring subgraph from Square Okhttp
    public int readInt() throws IOException {
    require(4, Deadline.NONE);
    return buffer.readInt();
    }
    A developer performed 21 extract method
    operations to move this duplicated code
    to a single method
    121

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  122. Implications and Conclusions
    122

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  123. Refactoring-aware Software Evolution
    Refactoring Graphs is a
    key data structure to improve the results of
    current software evolution tools
    123

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  124. Example: Git Blame
    Show the last author that changed each line of a file
    124

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  125. Example: Git Blame
    Bob creates a method to calculate the area of a square
    class Math{
    }
    float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    }
    + float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l;
    + }
    125

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  126. Example: Git Blame
    Git-blame shows Bob
    as a creator
    Bob
    class Math{
    }
    float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    }
    + float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l;
    + }
    126

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  127. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    }
    float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    }
    Bob introduces a bug in a second commit
    + return l * l * l;
    l
    127

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  128. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    }
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l;
    }
    + return l * l * l;
    Git-blame shows Bob
    as responsible for the
    last change (bug)
    Bob
    128

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  129. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    }
    - float squareArea(float l){
    - return l * l * l;
    - }
    Alice moves the method to a utility class
    class Utility{
    }
    + float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    + }
    129

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  130. Example: Git Blame
    Git-blame shows
    Alice as creator of
    method squareArea
    Alice
    class Utility{
    }
    float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    }
    + float squareArea(float l){
    + return l * l * l;
    + }
    130

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  131. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l;
    }
    }
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    class Utility{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    Bob is the real creator of squareArea()
    131

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  132. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l;
    }
    }
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    class Utility{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    Bob is responsible for the bug
    132

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  133. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l;
    }
    }
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    class Utility{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    git-blame may miss relevant data due
    to refactoring operations
    133

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  134. Example: Git Blame
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l;
    }
    }
    class Math{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    class Utility{
    float squareArea(float l){
    return l * l * l;
    }
    }
    A refactoring history can improve existing
    tools and techniques
    134

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  135. 135
    Future Studies
    Other popular programming languages and ecosystems
    Refactoring graphs based on class and package level

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  136. Refactoring subgraphs...
    … are small
    … have up to three
    commits
    … are often heterogeneous
    … are mostly created by a
    single developer
    … span from a few days to months
    RQ1 RQ2
    RQ3
    RQ4 RQ5
    136

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  137. Refactoring Graphs: Assessing
    Refactoring over Time
    Aline Brito, Andre Hora, Marco Tulio Valente
    IEEE SANER 2020

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