Understanding Digital Video Formats – From DVI-D to Thunderbolt and More!

The A/V world has moved away from analog connectivity and it's not moving back. Digital video is your future! In addition to sourcing content in the digital domain, we must understand the variation in connectivity and performance. Add to this the demand for digital content protection and the realities of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), coupled with the proliferation of digital mobile devices and commercial/consumer convergence, and it all means that the ability to accommodate emerging standards in enterprise environments has never been more important. If you're wondering how long your aging VGA connections in your conference rooms will suffice, you'll find the answers in this presentation. If you need to know if HDMI or DisplayPort is the right connectivity to design into your next system, then this is a class you need to take. If you want to know how to accommodate legacy DVI-D and simultaneously prepare for Thunderbolt, then this is a training you won't want to miss. If you are looking for a competitive edge, and you're just not sure what all these new acronyms mean for your and your project, then this will be time well spent. Join us for Understanding Digital Video Formats – From DVI-D to Thunderbolt and More and step into the future with confidence!

Transcript

1. PRODUCT LINE From TMDS to Thunderbolt and Everything In Between The phrase “digital video” is ubiquitous, but seldom defined. What makes it digital? What are the rules for converting formats? Let’s find out… Digital Video Formats Joseph D. Cornwall, CTS-D
2. PRODUCT LINE “AN EDUCATION ISN'T HOW MUCH YOU HAVE COMMITTED TO MEMORY, OR EVEN HOW MUCH YOU KNOW. IT'S BEING ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN WHAT YOU DO KNOW AND WHAT YOU DON'T.” - JACQUES ANATOLE FRANCOIS THIBAULT Welcome To Today’s Presentation: Understanding Digital Video Formats
3. PRODUCT LINE Our Agenda • Define digital ─ What are the elements of a digital signal? • Digital Rights Management • DisplayID ─ What is a DDC? Where’s the EDID? • TMDS explained • Digital Visual Interface DVI • High Definition Multimedia Interface HDMI • DisplayPort • Thunderbolt
4. PRODUCT LINE “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” ─ Arthur C. Clarke Define “Digital”
5. PRODUCT LINE The Elements of a Video Signal • RGB additive color model divides a video signal into 3 ”components” ─ RGB or YPbPr (YCbCr) • Bandwidth is directly proportional to visual detail ─ In analog systems, the ability to pass higher frequencies equates to the ability to display finer detail • Amplitude is directly proportional to color saturation a m p l i t u d e time
6. PRODUCT LINE The Numbers Behind The Bits- Understanding Sampling Analog signals are continuous in time ─ All waveforms consist of fundamental sine waves plus harmonics Shannon-Nyquist says > 2 samples are necessary to recreate a waveform • Resolution is bound by sampling rate ─ Aliasing occurs when input frequency exceeds 2x sampling frequency
7. PRODUCT LINE The Numbers Behind The Bits- Making Sense of Bit Depth • 3 bits = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 total possible values, for example • Each bit represents a step in voltage • Values that fall between “steps” are lost information
8. PRODUCT LINE “Obviously crime pays, or there'd be no crime.” ─ G. Gordon Liddy Digital Rights Management
9. PRODUCT LINE HDCP • High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection ─ Because in the digital world there are no copies, only clones • Blom's Scheme is a symmetric threshold key exchange protocol used in cryptography ─ A trusted party gives each participant a secret key and a public identifier, which enables any two participants to independently create a shared key for communicating. ─ Keys updated after each encoded frame
10. PRODUCT LINE Inside HDCP •HDCP makes use of a three-stage content protection process ─ Device authentication and key exchange ─ Encryption of content ─ Key-revocation procedures •Unique keys are assigned to each device ─ Consists of up to 40 different 'secret or private' keys, each 56 bits long, embedded in the device ─ For each set of keys, a special public key, called a “key selection vector”, is created ─ ‘Combining’ an embedded key with a public key creates a temporary session key, allowing for clear communication between the devices
11. PRODUCT LINE “If you're not scared or angry at the thought of a human brain being controlled remotely, then it could be this prototype of mine is finally starting to work.” - John Alejandro King Telling the Monitor What to Expect
12. PRODUCT LINE DDC, EDID and DisplayID • Display Data Channel • Extended Display Identification Data • DisplayID 1.3 (2013) is the most current iteration ─ Enables the display (sink) to communicate supported display modes to the source via a compact binary file format that describes the monitor's capabilities and supported graphics modes ─ Stored in a read-only memory chip programmed by the manufacturer of the monitor
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14. PRODUCT LINE “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.” - Galileo Galilei Making Signals Easier To Transport
15. PRODUCT LINE Transition Minimized Differential Signaling • TMDS is a two-stage process that converts a signal from parallel to serial and adds additional bits to balance DC • Makes signals smaller by converting them from 8 bit to 10 bit ─ 8b/10b line coding - 8-bit data plus 2 bits of control signals ─ 4 channels: red, green, blue, clock ─ Twisted pair for noise reduction ─ Current mode logic (CML), DC coupled and terminated to 3.3 volts
16. PRODUCT LINE The TMDS Algorithm • TMDS adds a 9th bit to the digital word to “minimize” the transitions from digital ones to digital zeros ─ This decreases high frequency content making the signal more robust and easier to transport • The algorithm then adds a 10th bit to provide for DC balancing ─ DC balancing inverts the digital word so the signal has an equal number of zeros and ones ─ Provides a stable, predictable signal to the differential amplifiers
17. PRODUCT LINE “I HAVE YET TO SEE ANY PROBLEM, HOWEVER COMPLICATED, WHICH, WHEN YOU LOOKED AT IT IN THE RIGHT WAY, DID NOT BECOME STILL MORE COMPLICATED.” ̶ POUL ANDERSON Typical Signal Flow
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19. PRODUCT LINE “To manage a system effectively, you might focus on the interactions of the parts rather than their behavior taken separately.” ─ Russell l. Ackoff Putting It All Together
20. PRODUCT LINE Digital Visual Interface - DVI R R G G B B S S
21. PRODUCT LINE In December 2010, Intel, AMD, and several computer and display manufacturers announced they would stop supporting DVI-I, VGA and LVDS-technologies by 2015. These will be replaced by DisplayPort and HDMI. "Legacy interfaces such as VGA, DVI and LVDS have not kept pace, and newer standards such as DisplayPort and HDMI clearly provide the best connectivity options moving forward. In our opinion, DisplayPort 1.2 is the future interface for PC monitors, along with HDMI 1.4a for TV connectivity". Are DVI Connections Obsolete?
22. PRODUCT LINE High Definition Multimedia Interface R R G G B B S S CEC DDC DDC DDC HEAC +5V HP
23. PRODUCT LINE HDMI(e) HEAC HEAC is the HDMI Ethernet and Audio-return Channel and supports up to 100Mbits data transfer. Signal selection is excusive.
24. PRODUCT LINE HDMI 2.0 Features and Upgrades UltraHD and 4K Video Support Increase bandwidth from 10.2 to 18 Gbps Noise Reduction System For TMDS Lanes Support for additional color space formats including 4:2:0 Up To 21:9 Aspect Ratio Support Multi-stream Video Capable (MST) CEC 2.0 Error correction Improved audio ability with support to 32 channels
25. PRODUCT LINE SDI - Serial Digital Interface •SDI (1989) •HD SDI (1998) •3G SDI (2006) • 3 Gbit/s and 1080p • 16 Channels of embedded audio • 6G SDI • 6 Gbit/s and 4Kp30 • 12G SDI • 12 Gbit/s and 4Kp60 • 24G SDI • 24Gbit/s and 8Kp60
26. PRODUCT LINE DisplayPort Aux Lane 0 Lane 2 Lane 1 Lane 3 Hot Plug HP Ret Power Config
27. PRODUCT LINE DisplayPort Tech Specs • Native MST for extended desktop and multi-display installations • Up to 8.1 Gbit/s per lane ─ Dual lane allocation supports UltraHD resolutions • Supports RGB And YPrPb Color Spaces ─ Up to 16 bit color • Up to 8-channels audio • DP++ Embedded in new USB Type C Standard ─ SlimPort provides mobile device support DisplayPort Dual Mode supports passive conversion to HDMI or DVI DP++ HDMI CH 0 CH 2 CH 1 CH 0 Sync Green Red Blue
28. PRODUCT LINE Thunderbolt & Mini-DP • Thunderbolt is built on the Mini DisplayPort connector and can “shift” from TB to Mini-DP to HDMI based on configuration commands • Thunderbolt uses data lanes for PCIe content and other “tunneling” data transport techniques
29. PRODUCT LINE Thunderbolt & Mini-DP •Thunderbolt controllers on the host and peripherals multiplex the PCIe and DisplayPort data into packets and de-multiplex them at the destination ─ When connected to a DP++ compatible device, the Thunderbolt port can provide a native DisplayPort signal with 4 lanes of output data at up to 5.4 Gbit/S per lane ─ When connected to a Thunderbolt device the per-lane data rate may be as high as 10 Gbit/s and the 4 lanes are configured as 2 channels with each bidirectional 10 Gbit/s channel comprising one lane of input and one lane of output
30. PRODUCT LINE “Knowledge is a process of piling up facts; wisdom lies in their simplification.” − Martin H. Fischer In Conclusion…
31. PRODUCT LINE What We’ve Learned… • In the digital video domain, sampling rate bounds resolution and bit depth (word length) bounds saturation (intensity) • High-bandwidth Digital Copyright Protection is an important element of digital video • TMDS is Transition Minimized Differential Signaling and is the basis for DVI and HDMI technology • DVI is inside of HDMI; the two formats are fundamentally identical in the video domain • DisplayPort leverages four data lanes, which it can reassign as RGBs TMDS connections making DP++ compatible with HDMI topology • Thunderbolt is built on DisplayPort technology, but uses “tunneling” to include PCIe data into the communication lanes
32. PRODUCT LINE Questions?