那些年我們做過的 DevOps Pipeline

DevOps 這麼多年了，你當了多少年的水管（Pipeline）工人了呢？是否經歷了從地端到雲端、VM 到 Container、老爺爺到太空章魚⋯⋯等多個不一樣的年代？

在這場分享中，講者將回顧過往，看一看這些年來 DevOps Pipeline 的歷史軌跡，放眼過去、展望未來，如果再來一次，我們該如何開始一條新的 DevOps Pipeline，如何向著水管工人大師之路邁進。

Transcript

1. Photo by Simon Stratford on Unsplash
   Cheng Wei Chen @ DevOpsDays Taipei 2022
   那些年我們做過的
   DevOps Pipeline
   

   View Slide

2. Cheng Wei Chen 陳正瑋
   Athemaster 炬識科技 / Technology Consultant
   《Effective DevOps 中⽂版》譯者、GitLab Hero、DevOps Taiwan Community 志⼯
   https://chengweichen.com
   

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3. 當有人跟你說：
   「嘿，我們來導入
   

   DevOps 吧！」
   你覺得他打算⋯⋯？
   Photo by Camylla Battani on Unsplash
   

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4. 1 CI / CD Pipeline
   2 講幹話
   3 ⾃動化部署
   4 ⾃動化測試
   5 IaC
   

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5. View Slide

6. QRcode
   涉及：⼯具、架構、流程
   Photo by Renel Wackett on Unsplash
   你調整過多少次 Pipeline？
   Jenkins
   
   
   GitLab CI
   1 VM
   
   
   2 VM / Container
   3 Stage
   
   
   5 Stage
   QRcode 已關閉，現場收集到的數據在下⼀⾴。
   

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7. View Slide

8. 2007 - CI (Book)
   2010 - CD (Book)
   1990 2000 2015
   1995 2010
   2005 2020 2025
   CI/CD Pipeline 是個老東⻄
   我們在這裡
   

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9. 1994 - Origin of
   
   
   Continuous integration
   
   
   by Grady Booch
   2007 - CI (Book)
   資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
   2010 - CD (Book)
   1990 2000 2015
   1995 2010
   2005 2020 2025
   CI/CD Pipeline 是個老東⻄
   我們在這裡
   

   View Slide

10. 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2010 - CD (Book)
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    我們在這裡
    

    View Slide

11. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    我們在這裡
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2005 - Git
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    

    View Slide

12. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    我們在這裡
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2005 - Git
    第 1 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    CI Server
    GUI
    VM
    SSH
    VM
    Agent
    

    View Slide

13. 2005 - Git
    1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    

    View Slide

14. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2016 - Gitea
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    2005 - Git
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    

    View Slide

15. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2016 - Gitea
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    

    View Slide

16. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2016 - Gitea
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    第 2 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    Pipeline
    VCS
    YAML
    CI Service
    CI Job
    

    View Slide

17. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2015 - K8s
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    

    View Slide

18. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2015 - K8s
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    第 2.5 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    VM VM
    Container
    

    View Slide

19. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2015 - Spinnaker
    2015 - Buddy
    2015 - K8s
    2019 - Argo CD
    2018 - Jenkins X
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    

    View Slide

20. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2016 - IaC (Book, 1st)
    2020 - IaC (Book, 2nd)
    2015 - Spinnaker
    2015 - Buddy
    2019 - Argo CD
    2018 - Jenkins X
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2017 - GitOps
    2021 - Terraform v1.0.0
    2021 - Pulumi v2.0.0
    2015 - K8s
    

    View Slide

21. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2016 - IaC (Book, 1st)
    2020 - IaC (Book, 2nd)
    2015 - Spinnaker
    2015 - Buddy
    2019 - Argo CD
    2018 - Jenkins X
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2017 - GitOps
    2021 - Terraform v1.0.0
    第 3 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    Container
    VCS
    YAML
    Container
    Automation
    2021 - Pulumi v2.0.0
    2015 - K8s
    

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22. QRcode
    Photo by PAUL SMITH on Unsplash
    你現在是哪一個世代的
    
    
    CI/CD Pipeline？
    QRcode 已關閉，現場收集到的數據在下⼀⾴。
    

    View Slide

23. View Slide

24. 好的程式與架構是
    

    持續演化來的～
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    江湖傳⾔
    你會說 Pipeline嗎？
    你會說 Pipeline 嗎？
    

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25. 好的程式與架構是
    

    持續演化來的～
    組織架構、文化、流程、Tech Stack 也是
    

    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    江湖傳⾔
    DevOps Pipeline 當然也是
    

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26. 想像與思考
    PHP
    DigitalOcean
    GitLab CI
    Monolith
    Members: 3
    Laravel
    這些條件會產生何種 Pipeline？
    GitLab.com
    NAS run Docker
    

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27. 想像與思考 2
    JAVA
    AWS
    Jenkins
    Monolith
    Members: 10
    Spring
    這些條件會產生何種 Pipeline？
    Bitbucket
    VM
    

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28. 想像與思考 3
    Golang
    AWS
    GitLab CI
    Microservice
    Dev Team: 30
    Go Micro
    這些條件會產生何種 Pipeline？
    自架 GitLab
    GCP Azure
    Argo CD
    K8s
    Platform Team: 6
    

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29. 想像與思考 4
    JAVA
    AWS
    Jenkins
    Monolith
    Members: 10
    Spring
    如果加上更多的條件呢？
    Bitbucket
    VM
    軟硬整合？
    金融業？
    多產品彼此相依？
    APP + Web？
    

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30. QRcode
    Photo by Joshua J. Cotten on Unsplash
    有哪些「因素」會影響
    
    
    CI/CD Pipeline 的規劃？
    QRcode 已關閉，現場收集到的數據在下⼀⾴。
    

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31. View Slide

32. 程式語言
    部署環境
    可用 IT 資源
    組織架構
    工具決策
    產品交付方式
    資安規範
    團隊文化
    軟體架構
    系統架構
    如何 build？
    如何 test？
    產業別 產品類型
    團隊人數
    產品的品質要求
    產品迭代速度
    產品交付速度
    

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33. 全都是相依關係
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    有辦法只靠⾃⼰搞定？
    

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34. Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    建議？
    

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35. 圖片來源：網路迷因
    以下分享的內容
    
    
    可能不適⽤於你、你的公司或團隊
    
    
    請⼩⼼服⽤。
    

    View Slide

36. Mindset
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/laputa/
    • 是⼀趟漫長的旅程
    太漫長了～
    
    
    長到都⽣青苔了~
    

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37. Mindset
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/laputa/
    • 持續改善、迭代是常態
    第三個 Job
    

    壞了誒？
    沒事～
    
    
    正常迭代嘍～
    

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38. Mindset
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/laputa/
    • 跨職能、跨部⾨的溝通協調無可避免
    部署失敗
    Infra
    Ops
    Dev
    炸鍋的 Prod 環境
    

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39. The Question Behind the Question
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 退後⼀步，了解全貌
    

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40. The Question Behind the Question
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 退後⼀步，了解全貌
    
    
    • ⼈、流程、⼯具、資源限制，
    

    權衡多項變因的多重相依關係
    

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41. The Question Behind the Question
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 退後⼀步，了解全貌
    
    
    • ⼈、流程、⼯具、資源限制，
    

    權衡多項變因的多重相依關係
    
    
    • 找出關鍵瓶頸點，
    

    安排超前 2~3 步的規劃
    

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42. Communicate, collaborate, align goals
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/kazetachinu/
    • 持續溝通不能少
    有在⽤ Docker 的舉⼿！
    

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43. Communicate, collaborate, align goals
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/kazetachinu/
    • 對⿑團隊對於 Pipeline 的期待
    以後 K8s 就歸你管吧！
    ……
    

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44. Communicate, collaborate, align goals
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/kazetachinu/
    • 建立共同的 Pipeline 使⽤原則
    哪個蠢貨在週五按下
    Deploy 的！
    你老闆啊
    

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45. Communicate, collaborate, align goals
    圖片來源：https://www.ghibli.jp/works/kazetachinu/
    • 避免落入無效的⾃動化
    沒有測試，就全⾃動
    部署，錯了嗎？
    

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46. First success, Small Wins
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 搶下灘頭堡
    
    
    • 借⼒使⼒
    
    
    • 越過死亡⼭⾕
    死亡山谷
    灘頭堡
    Small Win
    Small Win
    

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47. Knowledge management
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 關鍵知識、決策、技能的
    
    
    • 保存
    
    
    • 交流
    
    
    • 傳承
    

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48. Knowledge management
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 關鍵知識、決策、技能的
    
    
    • 保存
    
    
    • 交流
    
    
    • 傳承
    

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49. Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    更實務或技術⼀點的建議？
    

    View Slide

50. 圖片來源：網路迷因
    以下分享的內容
    
    
    可能不適⽤於你、你的公司或團隊
    
    
    請⼩⼼服⽤。
    

    View Slide

51. 釐清是哪個世代的 Pipeline
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 1
    
    
    • 2
    
    
    • 2.5
    
    
    • 3
    

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52. 建立管理相依關係的原則
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • Dependency
    
    
    • Package
    
    
    • Release
    
    
    • Artifact
    • Container
    
    
    • Secret
    
    
    • Infrastructure
    
    
    • Environment
    management
    

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53. ⼩處著⼿，持續迭代
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    • 不要妄想⼀條龍，CI、CD 是可以拆開的
    
    
    • Everything as Code
    
    
    • 良好的軟⼯技巧、架構設計
    
    
    • 模板、模組、繼承
    
    
    • 測試再測試
    

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54. 好
    多
    書不讀嗎？
    Docker
    
    
    或
    
    
    Container
    
    
    Books
    More…
    

    View Slide

55. Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    總結 & 回顧
    

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56. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    我們在這裡
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2005 - Git
    第 1 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    CI Server
    GUI
    VM
    SSH
    VM
    Agent
    

    View Slide

57. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2016 - Gitea
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    第 2 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    Pipeline
    VCS
    YAML
    CI Service
    CI Job
    

    View Slide

58. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2015 - K8s
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    第 2.5 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    VM VM
    Container
    

    View Slide

59. 1999 – VMware
    2007 - Bamboo
    2007 - Cruise
    1999 – Continuous Integration
    1999 – eXtreme Programming
    1994 - Origin of
    
    
    Continuous integration
    
    
    by Grady Booch
    2007 - CI (Book)
    2010 - CD (Book)
    2011 - Jenkins
    2006 - TeamCity
    2000 - Apache Subversion (SVN)
    2010 - GoCD
    2005 - Huden 2009 - 1st
    
    
    DevOpsDays
    2007 – VirtualBox
    2016 - Gitea
    2012 - GitLab CI
    2008 - Bitbucket
    2005 - Git
    2011 - Travis CI
    2011 - CircleCI
    2018 - GitHub Action
    2011 - GitLab
    2008 - GitHub
    資料來源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
    2014 - Docker (v1.0)
    2016 - IaC (Book, 1st)
    2020 - IaC (Book, 2nd)
    2015 - Spinnaker
    2015 - Buddy
    2019 - Argo CD
    2018 - Jenkins X
    1990 2000 2015
    1995 2010
    2005 2020 2025
    2017 - GitOps
    2021 - Terraform v1.0.0
    第 3 代
    CI / CD Pipeline
    Container
    VCS
    YAML
    Container
    Automation
    2021 - Pulumi v2.0.0
    2015 - K8s
    

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60. 程式語言
    部署環境
    可用 IT 資源
    組織架構
    工具決策
    產品交付方式
    資安規範
    團隊文化
    軟體架構
    系統架構
    如何 build？
    如何 test？
    產業別 產品類型
    團隊人數
    產品的品質要求
    產品迭代速度
    產品交付速度
    全都是相依關係
    有辦法只靠⾃⼰搞定？
    

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61. 實踐 GitOps 的難題？
    
    
    GitOps 解決了什麼新問題？
    Photo by Camylla Battani on Unsplash
    兩個延伸題目，留給大家回去思考看看
    

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62. • Mindset
    
    
    • The Question Behind the Question
    
    
    • First success, Small Wins
    
    
    • Communicate, collaborate, align goals
    
    
    • Knowledge management
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    個⼈⼼得
    

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63. • 釐清是哪個世代的 Pipeline
    
    
    • 建立管理相依關係的原則
    
    
    • ⼩處著⼿，持續迭代
    Photo by Fancycrave on Unsplash
    個⼈⼼得
    

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64. 好
    多
    書不讀嗎？
    Docker
    
    
    或
    
    
    Container
    
    
    Books
    More…
    

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65. Photo by Clark Tibbs on Unsplash
    Thank You
    

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