1969 ChatGPT 2022 Di ff usion 2021 SVMs 1995 BackProp 1986 ConvNets 1998 Birth of AI 1956 ADALINE 1959 Perceptron 1957 Turing test 1950 Arti fi cial Neuron 1943 Neocognitron 1980 Universality 1989 LSTM 1997 The revolutions of (deep) learning
b, log(a), p a . . . ) and their derivatives cost O(1). <latexit sha1_base64="XBU0O16nV93z/lhQgn5HZRGW7gQ=">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</latexit> Setup: E : Rd ! R computable in K operations. <latexit sha1_base64="BLbI91EqNObAlbI/2RJe4xs+gGo=">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</latexit> Question: What is the complexity of computing rE : Rd ! Rd? Finite di↵erences: <latexit sha1_base64="IJjbmZX1RxHFJ6LjH+Uz9oKFiHc=">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</latexit> rE(✓) ⇡ 1 " (E(✓ + " 1) E(✓), . . . E(✓ + " d) E(✓)) <latexit sha1_base64="elfmtYFgpa8JKGP5IFiZSMc3eME=">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</latexit> K(d + 1) operations, intractable for large d.
b, log(a), p a . . . ) and their derivatives cost O(1). <latexit sha1_base64="XBU0O16nV93z/lhQgn5HZRGW7gQ=">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</latexit> Setup: E : Rd ! R computable in K operations. <latexit sha1_base64="BLbI91EqNObAlbI/2RJe4xs+gGo=">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</latexit> Question: What is the complexity of computing rE : Rd ! Rd? Finite di↵erences: <latexit sha1_base64="IJjbmZX1RxHFJ6LjH+Uz9oKFiHc=">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</latexit> rE(✓) ⇡ 1 " (E(✓ + " 1) E(✓), . . . E(✓ + " d) E(✓)) <latexit sha1_base64="elfmtYFgpa8JKGP5IFiZSMc3eME=">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</latexit> K(d + 1) operations, intractable for large d. This algorithm is reverse mode automatic di↵erentiation [Seppo Linnainmaa, 1970] Theorem: there is an algorithm to compute rE in O(K) operations. Seppo Linnainmaa
= P k xk✓k x f(x) = 0 x y y = f(x) <latexit 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y = hx, ✓i <latexit 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x1 <latexit 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✓d <latexit 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✓1 <latexit 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. . . <latexit 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Regression <latexit 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Classification: <latexit 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min ✓ , 1 n n X i=1 `(hxi, ✓i i, yi) <latexit 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Convex optimization:
= P k xk✓k <latexit 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Deep learning methods: learn '(x)! <latexit 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Kernel methods: replace x by '(x) 2 RD <latexit 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(D d, even D = 1!) x f(x) = 0 x y y = f(x) <latexit 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y = hx, ✓i <latexit 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✓d <latexit 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✓1 <latexit 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. . . <latexit 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Regression <latexit 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Classification: <latexit 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min ✓ , 1 n n X i=1 `(hxi, ✓i i, yi) <latexit 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Convex optimization:
<latexit sha1_base64="4q707XOseaJG4SEM7kRUBlKiggY=">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</latexit> w1 <latexit sha1_base64="dTEPGRjwpObKto22Pdj89jMy0R4=">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</latexit> a1 p = 6 neurons p = 30 neurons p = 100 neurons <latexit sha1_base64="v5o5dJsoyPefg3wihB9aJpDhTXc=">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</latexit> Input y = f(x) <latexit sha1_base64="ttgglA5lmQEZUY9EO2WF1erSv+8=">AABFTnictVxfc9u4EYfTf6n7L9c+9oVXO72kdX2Om2s7c9OZS2zH8cVJnEh2chclOVKiZCaUqJCi7ESnz9av0OlbP0Bn2qe+dfrSaRcLgAAlkAu6uXBsgyB+u4slsNhdgAnGcZRNtrb+unLpW9/+zne/d/n7qz/44Y9+/JMrH/z0JEvytBsed5M4SZ8GfhbG0Sg8nkSTOHw6TkN/GMThk+D1Dn/+ZBqmWZSM2pO34/D50B+Mon7U9SdQ9fJKvN5Jo8HpxE/T5Gzdy/Khl/S9r75Ko94g/Ogjr5+Purxl5q17nSwaDP1rnV4yGc/O57NZB/k/SwfB89nWxuYnG1vzs/n817b6YH59ffXllbWtzS385y0XbsjCGpP/jpIPPvwb67AeS1iX5WzIQjZiEyjHzGcZXM/YDbbFxlD3nM2gLoVShM9DNmergM2hVQgtfKh9Db8HcPdM1o7gntPMEN0FLjH8pID02FXAJNAuhTLn5uHzHCnz2iraM6TJZXsLfwNJawi1E3YKtRROtXTF8b5MWJ/9AfsQQZ/GWMN715VUctQKl9wzejUBCmOo4+UePE+h3EWk0rOHmAz7znXr4/O/Y0tey++7sm3O/oFSXoXLYy3Z+6Sg4LMp0vfwbebwTMgTA+cBUAhlH3npDHU9xN6PoP0M6h/ANceS0kkA1wxr57XIHbhsyB0SuQ+XDblPIg/hsiEPSeQRXDbkkURybIo6t+NbcNnwLZLzI7hsyEck8jFcNuRjEnkClw15QiK/hMuG/JJE3oHLhrxDIu/BZUPeI5FtuGzINok8hsuGPCaRe3DZkHsSWT1TU7gSpBMRs/IWlMs8uKWIoeYWKd9ttI427G2HOd2twNKzehf+2rG7DjoNK7B7DuOuX4GlR94+2Eg7lrZFd3E1sWHvktgDGAF27AGJ/Zy9qsB+7jDTXldg6bl2CO3sWNr63oc7O/Y+iX0AJTuWXqMeQo0d+9BhxRhXYI9I7CP2pgLrYvXTCixt91tgV+xYep1qQ3s71sWa5hVY2p6egAdjx9Kr1ROotWOfkNin7LwC+5TEfgHW3Y79wmGFfVeBVWvsKq4gA/RHQpixddT8Ylby0hio+QT/uFhbYvSNA6inMIMCM0DMkETsF4h9R8RhgTh0lisr7GiG/i7NpVUgWo6IoFibeGlCtu8V7XkpdkDsFojdBUSdR8rfterLFL0LVUMhJ8XKxUsufUoK+81LoRwP9ZZXIR6WEGJsn+LI38BoiUdQXFN11E6LNV4gPbyvQ5xh9KZ6qXjQuElhFUzUOYkKLKiARL21oN6SqNyCyknU1IKakig9801cx2EEaP3zdzHDOzEChI9cfXngFdyCVecuzFEPxs8ReIGPseYh/G1h7E1ddZLxaJ6vkzzL8bxkiVMozdga1OuocBfj6xhnWAiSiZYPZYzP73huYybnnLDC82Il94qMiTudCOUZFHS4t+jhfGpG5x7WzNG7E6Vm+LvFvFelZvg91PgcvXhRaoafSOknF5C9LbHtC2BbMJvGUvu63JSGyL8IGqq8iqsut7j8rQ7lmOH0zhvSP5Bv5uAC72UHS0I/utyMRmb0Lyv1rwkNrefM0HMzKtx7El6vKnmNezKSca8uN5UhwVV0JOXQd03fDG/Tk29GlZvROAKPawdj7plRbjp6x0VvdLkZjRMm8p5z9ORVuRmNAd4LfehyMxo82+LLOF+Xm1p2rgERO+tyU6s+wiwwzwGJMS9qtFeUop+US2oR+gf12RrT519ex3jO5kURI9RT0r5tNZ2gWMvqJVL+QghWbdJQDu5f5IYPVqYxY9tkfCVkmJTW92U6eo3nmj8ELXow+8UeAJUzj0FClZPg1jsGijfIqKvcM4XbJnF8lPQXUB1ZOyG9Rc1XZI3KdS+xlorLdG+1HjtorzMce2P0CQ9Rs5QeDivfcBVFSkOHJQ3R9Jro7p2cr2Xtb5G48QJiXIy0Lu4IiZ20+jjVpvWWoeOrcpdnApfY89Hjl2eb+9La8JgnQVvEZanjabZTeSSzjq+rG0znuMUzD98ot1dTtBoR7khlZBSqssXCG5/hvaZ9jHtynIeg0YX36EkqYyZ2zXgWnefTPbSopr2leHN9qQydKGdodZU9rkcPDPTAgm4e4+zAivEASm2IGY7hru0Q5awWukpQ4yn7TbE7muAbrI/o45KFVDSEvQlLFrIuyj4tUTkDNB8NIkp3p7FIR+E7S5ToqN8mj45dy5b/Ku7cqv1tH8d49WiuzsT0kOs2cvVw1ohdXXG3yEFIMLM+2Ub/tb6XnF8TjtyGUlxfGJyFXka44x9iBDtGzzjG2UbNjnJrMz+1+ERxOmJq75zvZidoIT20fx6sTwmOSQ9/zLMDagddWIQYbaSL3YkK78bm60TkGNN+XMTEqQY93kK0ZTnyV3TN2ZXhWBQRg1gH5gtjW+nkEH3BELmm0rrruV2/+nCkPidhjhJBUY+Va8j/Ov5WP2qcrC2NCK5h/gYyaets7yPBmIXryMdVvt4GqbamlOuFDC+k1Hr90zKtlyTbxYiLy8NX6x5w7uK94MVHSYpyZ0ttxDpal83llMcLeuS97WMUL+z+QK7AXO4NXCXXcM51cJQMYBRMiihCtaWyyIt863mVqbvRzr4R6lrXZa1xih7TGVyhISq/H2K0ZkoZw6gW4/c1zia71tOFVvV8RjgWh8Zc/hpqP4TfSm5170YnKFmF2zgGBAV9pzUiarylFm68bpd4qZGpaOl7zU+PSdXKrLlIfC2sm46xp42pHOGoOZdZC1W+CI1XBo1Xjjps416j1qKqV5boJRlbtOVupSu/JtzaDSjnJGXaI1OoyEFKM5Zyo9ojqdIxvkK9I2ltkbR8mK3mboA5512Q9rm+OLu/LlZ3j91B36aLHpiIX3o4SyP0uVRtfaQmKHDON6V9NWd/B2s49wAtKKcsznHyGSN2nbp4zQtJfylXtgTtvLYI6tzSmWyjbGwHy79dQg5xTmQ4LxXiJrYIpfymHN6CRdo0fA4PM/8++lTC76iPmc3W+p14JX9Cx5tiVmleIlIYof6pzNvBUvR6YMSvHsaEufSuA6DV/A1zCgKjMgl2zzLDN8RXObGTIDzaAO3nsp0Su3gjQ6JNlHrG/uhgY0TUq8e6ObZUj1XffgUtudb1W7e1oPnFzhwpfhfZ0fNxVRtKH3W2cH8xWr5c5cr3dXrIF/hqfeTYxowsdJRXxnTYp85chETNuAiMC5dmvWgifzPJm8gsdqdcKavWinI50yBszCnGS9Q5UI6weXfXrN7cdaIfwRK9ALEmNVFDUeLZuETmB0xLy7NS3kKEZNZTa1JsrEdV64XmYa4a2o4LSxmiFYwZlbsRrc0+dErRCp2NERS6TJzsrYoTTZqfwsV/e8wWJSqOLjnEFvi5t9gO23sPpyLeyLLIbHpYw21CbyEG92U/yy3qdfTGoG7Sd+HgziMCXVPSR7iiNpVdUKYlN6m70z9Da5CykJRet2zeB5ML3ZNlTk36E6GFo3sTMfVNTtO+KA4uPSlzcecj9jeoXvSZ+rapWR8UdboHZQ5NeKjzDG7vXLduzsvkVK+vZS6uPMQ6oHZeFI7vAFbHLLqdi4VKjTfy/jlw69Cvoa5Wi/+3H4qP5tSclyu3DL85e+Xw1kW7UGZmuV/cfM5obi6juZqjO8+k6J32muz8hP/nNXpTidGb90+f+6V6DCheMybyobR0Am+OIi2vKxW+P2CTIWH/ZH9aob9KeFPQqJKjCSW1X1FNTbWgqakvL229U89cZNJ0qmQqU9PxRAtPxu6wA3YHfnYKD7DpKVHxTaX4y7H272h7UNtH66Gy6SKD0MG6ELMgejeth/f6HG2VxPxMrzjj24Yavid+iLX8vO8DbM/P/LZLfav+kkTM9fssYb1SZLK4y6fnVQA9KO/AiVyQ+t7XwzP1IpslTqANHfYYxTkqESmpr59niOhhXLgo6QwRarTUUQ6slAM8kxRW0A5KfeviCB/LnX6+78DP5/tFdsljH2OdL1cHvlJTUh1ZpHqGmYEA9b8FEdonbAP+bsiyXdKjJUkzfAdlic6NZ/UnwebWcaG/ZryKeTCVqZvKdglG9Xr3sD4Tu1vJRZx4r8cPavADQ8oWvq3XGHenrD53mNfQzKVM5n7uiKm8p9ADj2b9YnzUx8/TGl5Th/7fq0TfMyTdB1kCzLZ7uJ+XIr1Y6mYPpRfnKuvztndrpFVfbQqa+mSlHgfqjGT9nkAsx1317BfnIKlcTVhBx5zr4kQmdVokslKi5+fY4TSE79Bbuq8uPaWo5KQkucOXyFMHWaYOdPqENH2SwoCURNqHl1fWbiz+Xx/LhZPtzRu/27z5aHvts9vy/wG5zH7OfsGuwdr3e/YZjP8jdgyc/sL+vbKycmn3z7v/2v3P7n9F00srEvMzVvq3d/l/YjRnDw==</latexit> ! sum of “ridge” functions (hx, wi + b) <latexit 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f✓(x) , p X s=1 as (hx, ws i + bs) <latexit 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wp <latexit 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ap George Cybenko Andrew Barron
<latexit sha1_base64="4q707XOseaJG4SEM7kRUBlKiggY=">AABE+XictVzNchTJES7Wf2v8x9oHH3zptRYHuyHLEmZtR2w4YkEjQIsAwYwEuwwopmdaw0Brepg/AbN6GIcvDod98gP4OfwAjrBPfgXnT1VX9Ux1Z7WM6ZBUXV1fZlZ2VVZmVjXxKB1Mppub/7jw3je++a1vf+f971783vd/8MMfXfrgx4eTbDbuJgfdLM3Gj+POJEkHw+RgOpimyePROOmcxGnyKH65jc8fzZPxZJANW9M3o+TpSac/HBwPup0pVB1d+mmbaDwZ9+Oni831jU/XN8+i06Oto0trmxub9C9aLWzpwprS//azDz78p2qrnspUV83UiUrUUE2hnKqOmsD1RG2pTTWCuqdqAXVjKA3oeaLO1EXAzqBVAi06UPsSfvfh7omuHcI90pwQugtcUvgZAzJSlwGTQbsxlJFbRM9nRBlry2gviCbK9gb+xprWCdRO1XOolXCmZSgO+zJVx+p31IcB9GlENdi7rqYyI62g5JHTqylQGEEdlnvwfAzlLiGNniPCTKjvqNsOPf8XtcRavO/qtjP1b5LyMlyRaureZzmFjpoT/Yje5gyesTwpcO4DhUT3EUunpOsT6v0Q2i+g/h5cZ1QyOonhWlDtWSVyGy4fcltE3oLLh7wlIvfg8iH3ROQ+XD7kvkYidkw69+ObcPnwTZHzA7h8yAci8iFcPuRDEXkIlw95KCK/gsuH/EpE3oTLh7wpIu/A5UPeEZEtuHzIlog8gMuHPBCRO3D5kDsaWT5Tx3BlRGcgzMrrUC7yQEuRQs11Ub4bZB192BsBc7pbgpVndQP++rGNAJ0mJdidgHF3XIKVR94tsJF+rGyLbtNq4sPeFrG7MAL82F0R+4V6UYL9ImCmvSzBynNtD9r5sbL1vQt3fuxdEXsPSn6svEbdhxo/9n7AijEqwe6L2AfqVQk2xOqPS7Cy3W+CXfFj5XWqBe392BBrOivByvb0EDwYP1ZerR5BrR/7SMQ+Vq9LsI9F7Jdg3f3YLwNW2LclWLPGXqQVpE/+SAIztopaJ5+VWBoBtY7AP83XlpR84xjqJUw/x/QJcyIibuWIW4GIvRyxFyzXJLejE/J3ZS7NHNEMRMT52oSlqdi+l7fHUhqAaOSIxhKiyiPFd236MifvwtRIyGm+cmEppE9Zbr+xlOjxUG15DeJ+AcFj+zmN/HWKljCCQk1VUXuer/GMjOi+CnFK0ZvppeEh46a5VXBRr0VU7EHFIuqNB/VGRM08qJmImntQcxFlZ76LaweMAKt/fBcLuuMRwD5y+RWBV3AdVp3bMEcjGD/74AU+pJr78LdJsbd0VUmG0Tyuk5jleFqwxGMoLdQa1NuosEHxdUozLAHJuOV9HePjHeY2FnrOsRU+y1fyKM+YhNMZkDz9nA56ixHNp3p07lDNGXl3XKqHv53Pe1Oqh98hjZ+RF8+levipln56DtlbGts6B7YJs2mktW/LdWlw/oVpmPJFWnXR4uJbPdFjBum9rkl/V7+Z3XO8l20qsX5suR6NidO/SaF/dWhYPU8cPdejgt4Te72mFNXuyVDHvbZcV4aMVtGhlsPe1X0z2Kan34wp16OxDx7XNsXcC6dcd/SO8t7Ycj0ah4rznmfkyZtyPRp9umd92HI9Gpht6eg435brWnbUAMfOtlzXqg8pC4w5IB7zXGO9ojH5STNNbUD+QXW2xvX5V9cxzNk8y2OEakrWty2nE+drWbVExl9IwKpNa8qB/sXM8cGKNBbqqhhfsQzTwvq+Sseu8aj5PdBiBLOf9wCknHkKEpqcBFrvFChuiVFXsWcGd1XE4Sg5XkK1de1U9BYtX84aFeuOqFaKy2xvrR7bZK8nNPZG5BPukWYlPeyVvuEyipKG9goakunV0d1bPV+L2t8UcaMlxCgfaV3aEeKdtOo41af1pqPjy3qXZwoX7/nY8YvZ5mNtbTDmycgWoSxVPN12Jo/k1uG6uq5sjpufRfRG0V7NyWoMaEdqIkahJlvM3viC7i3tA9qTQx5MowvvMdJURop3zTCLjvn0iCyqa28l3qgvk6Hj8oSsrrHH1ei+g+570PVjnG1YMe5BqQUxwwHctQKinIu5rjLS+Fj9Mt8dzegNVkf0acFCGhpsb5KChayKsp8XqJwCGkcDR+nhNJbpGHx7hZIc9fvksbFr0fJfpp1bs7/doTFePprLMzE94nqVuEY0a3hXl++WObAEC++Tq+S/VvcS+dXhiDZU4vrM4cx6GdKOf0IR7Ig845RmmzQ7iq3d/NTyE8NpX5m9c9zNzshCRmT/IlifMhqTEf24ZwfMDjpbhJRsZIjdGeTejc/XGYhjzPpxA8WnGux4S8iWzYi/oevOrgmNRY4YeB04WxrbRid75AsmxHWsrbud29WrDyLtOQl3lDBFO1auEP+P6bf5MeNkbWVEoIbxDUy0rfO9j4xiFtRRh1b5ahtk2rpSfpTL8ExLbdc/K9NHBckaFHGhPLha94Bzl+6ZF46SMck9WWnD62hVNhcpj5b0iL09piie7X5fr8Ao9zqtkms059o0SvowCqZ5FGHaSlnkZb7VvIrUw2hP/i/Ura6LWkOKkbIZXNaQlN9PKFpzpUxhVPP4fUmzya/18VKraj5DGosnzlz+Gmo/hN9GbnMfRicuWIUbNAaYgr2zGuGaaKVFGK8bBV5mZBpa9t7ys2PStHJrzhNfs3WzMfa8NpV9GjWvddbClM9D44VD40WgDlu012i1aOqNJToSY4uW3q0M5VeHW6sG5ZlIWfbIDGoQIKUbS4VR7YlU5RjfoN6KtDZFWh2Yre5ugDvnQ5D+ub48u7/OV/dI3STfpkseGMcvPZqlA/K5TG11pMYUkPM1bV/d2d+mGuQekwVFynyOE2cM7zp16TrLJf2FXtkysvPWIphzS6e6jbGxbSr/egV5QnNiQvPSIK5Ri0TL78oRLVmkDcfniCjz3yGfiv2O6pjZbW3fSVTwJ2y8ybPK8uJIYUj6lzJvuyvR664Tv0YUE860dx0DrfpvGCkwxmQS/J7lhN4QrnK8k8AebUz2c9VO8S7e0JFog6ReqN8H2BiOeu1Yd8eW6bHp2yfQErVu37qvhcwvDeYo8TvPjl6HVrUT7aMulu7PR6ujV7nifZUeZkt8rT5m1MaNLGyUV8S01WfBXFiielwYE8KlXi/qyF9P8joy8+5UKGXT2lAuZhrYxjyneEk6B4oIn3d3xevNfSz0I16hFxPWpcY1EiXMxmU6P+BaWsxKRUsRklsvrUmpsx6VrReWh7tqWDvOljIhK5gqKXfDrd0+tAvRipyNYQpdxSd7y+JEl+ZncOHvSPmiRMMxJIfYBD/3utpWO+/gVMQrXebMZkQ1aBN6SzF4R/ez2KJaR68c6i79EA7hPAaga0n6Aa2odWVnyrLkLvVw+qdkDcYqEaW3Lev3weUi92SVU53+DMjCyb0ZKPNNTt2+GA4hPSlyCefD+xtSL46V+bapXh8MdbkHRQ51eJjzDGHv3Lauz8vlVK2vVS6hPHgdMDsvBoc7gOUxi20XYqHGzht59xzQOhxXUDerxf/aD8PHcqrPK5TbhL45exHw1rldojOz6BfXnzOWW8hoLucYzjPLe2e9Jj8/9v+iWm8qc3rz7umjX2rHgOG1UJwPlaVjvDuKrLyhVHB/wCdDpv6j/n5B/irhVU6jTI46lMx+RTk100KmZr689PXOPAuRydIpk6lIzcYTTToZu6121U342c49wLqnRPmbSv6LWP93tD2oPSbrYbLpnEFoU11CWRC7m9aje3uOtkxiPNPLZ3xbUIN74ntUi+d971F7PPPbKvSt/EsSnut3VaZ6hchkeZfPzqsYelDcgeNckPneN6Iz9ZzN4hNoJwF7jHyOiiMl8/XzghA9iguXJV0QwoyWKsqxl3JMZ5KSEtpxoW9dGuEjvdOP+w54Pr+TZ5ci9Suq6+jVAVdqSap9j1RPKDMQk/43IUL7VK3D33Vd9ku6vyLphN5BUaLXzrPqk2Bn3nFhv2a8THkwk6mb63YZRfV297A6E9so5cIn3qvx/Qp835GySW/rJcXdY1WdO5xV0Jxpmdz93KEyeU/WA0aznXx8VMfP8wpe84D+3ylF33EkvQWyxJRtj2g/b0z0Uq2bHZKez1VW521vV0hrvtpkmvZkpR0H5oxk9Z5Aqsdd+eznc5BSriYpoePOdT6RKZ0WGXgpyfNzFHAaohPQW7mvIT2VqMxESWYBXyLPA2SZB9A5FqQ5Fin0RUm0fTi6tLa1/H99rBYOr25s/Wbj2oNra5/f0P8PyPvqZ+rn6gqsfb9Vn8P431cH5GX8Uf1F/bWxaPyh8afGn7npexc05ieq8K/xt/8CuGJIGg==</latexit> w1 <latexit sha1_base64="dTEPGRjwpObKto22Pdj89jMy0R4=">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</latexit> a1 p = 6 neurons p = 30 neurons p = 100 neurons <latexit sha1_base64="v5o5dJsoyPefg3wihB9aJpDhTXc=">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</latexit> Input y = f(x) <latexit sha1_base64="ttgglA5lmQEZUY9EO2WF1erSv+8=">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</latexit> ! sum of “ridge” functions (hx, wi + b) <latexit 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f✓(x) , p X s=1 as (hx, ws i + bs) <latexit 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wp <latexit 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ap George Cybenko Andrew Barron