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Generative AI - practice and theory

Gabriel Peyré
February 28, 2024

Generative AI - practice and theory

A general audience presentation introducing key concepts in generative AI and interesting questions.

Gabriel Peyré

February 28, 2024
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  1. Gabriel Peyré É C O L E N O R

    M A L E S U P É R I E U R E Generative AI practice and theory
  2. Machine Learning <latexit 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y <latexit 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=) <latexit 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y = +1 <latexit 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y = 1 Supervised learning Regression Classification <latexit 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=) <latexit 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=) <latexit 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VAE, GAN, di↵usion <latexit 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k-means, DBScan <latexit 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PCA, t-SNE, UMAP Unsupervised learning Sampling Clustering Dimensionality reduction
  3. Machine Learning <latexit 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? <latexit 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=) <latexit 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y <latexit 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=) <latexit 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y = +1 <latexit 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y = 1 Supervised learning Regression Classification <latexit 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=) <latexit 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=) <latexit 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VAE, GAN, di↵usion <latexit 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k-means, DBScan <latexit 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PCA, t-SNE, UMAP Unsupervised learning Sampling Clustering Dimensionality reduction <latexit 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=) Self-supervised learning <latexit 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=)
  4. Machine Learning <latexit 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? <latexit 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=) <latexit 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y <latexit 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=) <latexit 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y = +1 <latexit 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y = 1 Supervised learning Regression Classification <latexit 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=) <latexit 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=) <latexit 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VAE, GAN, di↵usion <latexit 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k-means, DBScan <latexit 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PCA, t-SNE, UMAP Unsupervised learning Sampling Clustering Dimensionality reduction <latexit 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=) Self-supervised learning <latexit sha1_base64="BYAJTGI/3atNfquq61+XV3QD3OA=">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</latexit> =) IA générative DALL·E 2
  5. The 2 facets of generative AI Diffusion models Large language

    models Small size U-nets Diffusion Huge size Transformers Self-supervised v.s. DALL·E 2
  6. Large Language Models (LLM) But: Not only generate data! Answer

    questions. Can « run » algorithms? Practical: Next token prediction Pretraining Finetuning Human alignement Supervised learning Huge ressources → Easy (LORA, etc.) →
  7. Large Language Models (LLM) But: Not only generate data! Answer

    questions. Can « run » algorithms? Model and understand the phenomenon of “in context learning”. Questions: Is a transformer trained only to do “next token prediction” capable of reasoning? Mathematical implications: Practical: Next token prediction Pretraining Finetuning Human alignement Supervised learning Huge ressources → Easy (LORA, etc.) →
  8. <latexit sha1_base64="hGNaHRogJoszxpvRv/VDNWjykms=">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</latexit> image Recent technical/technological revolutions ResNet (200K citations) Transformers

    (104K citations) Adam (169K citations) Make networks very deep → Adapted to “next token prediction” → Suitable for transformer optimization → ResNet-34
  9. … <latexit 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Token extraction <latexit 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Vector encoding <latexit

    sha1_base64="WTXSLyx+JTgYvmbTzNWS3Pe4sbU=">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</latexit> Positional encoding + <latexit 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Points cloud <latexit 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x1 <latexit 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x2 Demain, dès l'aube, à l'heure où blanchit la campagne, Je partirai. Vois- tu, je sais que tu m’attends. J'irai par la forêt, j'irai par la montagne. Je ne puis demeurer loin de toi plus longtemps. Je marcherai les yeux fixés sur mes pensées,… <latexit sha1_base64="Fgw+vWgPriclgLxpVoHDEicBDLw=">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</latexit> {xi }i Zoom: transformers and the attention mechanism
  10. … <latexit 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Token extraction <latexit 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Vector encoding <latexit

    sha1_base64="WTXSLyx+JTgYvmbTzNWS3Pe4sbU=">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</latexit> Positional encoding + <latexit 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Points cloud <latexit 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x1 <latexit 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x2 Demain, dès l'aube, à l'heure où blanchit la campagne, Je partirai. Vois- tu, je sais que tu m’attends. J'irai par la forêt, j'irai par la montagne. Je ne puis demeurer loin de toi plus longtemps. Je marcherai les yeux fixés sur mes pensées,… <latexit 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{xi }i <latexit sha1_base64="TxVb5GdPgjAMGN+p3Ec+OBLQ8cg=">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</latexit> ˜ xi = xi + P j eKxi,Qxj V xj P j eKxi,Qxj <latexit 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xi <latexit 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Residual <latexit 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Replace convolution by attention: Zoom: transformers and the attention mechanism
  11. Flash Attention Beyond attention (better scaling laws)? High performance computing

    (flash attention, triton…) Numerics The future ? Machine learning (AI) is changing at breakneck speed. Impossible to make 5 year predictions... [Mensch et al 2023]
  12. Flash Attention Beyond attention (better scaling laws)? High performance computing

    (flash attention, triton…) Numerics The future ? Machine learning (AI) is changing at breakneck speed. Impossible to make 5 year predictions... Connect diffusion (continuous) and LLM (discrete) models Theory Understand the “in context learning” process. [Mensch et al 2023]
  13. Flash Attention Beyond attention (better scaling laws)? High performance computing

    (flash attention, triton…) Numerics The future ? Machine learning (AI) is changing at breakneck speed. Impossible to make 5 year predictions... Connect diffusion (continuous) and LLM (discrete) models Theory Understand the “in context learning” process. [Mensch et al 2023] Applications AI for science: beyond next token prediction Towards multimodal (video, 3D, etc.). scGPT
  14. Flash Attention Beyond attention (better scaling laws)? High performance computing

    (flash attention, triton…) Numerics The future ? Industry Business model (few qualified engineers + fine tuning)? Open weights vs. open source (training data?) Interface with daily life? Machine learning (AI) is changing at breakneck speed. Impossible to make 5 year predictions... Connect diffusion (continuous) and LLM (discrete) models Theory Understand the “in context learning” process. [Mensch et al 2023] Applications AI for science: beyond next token prediction Towards multimodal (video, 3D, etc.). scGPT