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MERC#4 Computational epidemiology

Hiro (葉色)
November 19, 2020

MERC#4 Computational epidemiology

Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, et al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 25;:]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):553-558. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4

Hiro (葉色)

November 19, 2020
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  1. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical

    modelling study MERC #4 Twitter: @mepbphhond_
  2. Table of contents • Self-introduction • Introduction • Method (overview)

    • Results • Discussion • Method (detail) • My opinion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  3. Introduction Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, et al. Early

    dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 25;:]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):553-558. doi:10.1016/S1473- 3099(20)30144-4
  4. Introduction December, 2019 First reported outbreak of COVID-19 February 13th,

    2020 46997 confirmed cases March 11th, 2020 Published in the Lancet 2/7
  5. Introduction December, 2019 First reported outbreak of COVID-19 February 13th,

    2020 46997 confirmed cases March 11th, 2020 Published in the Lancet This study was conducted at the early stage of the outbreak ! 2/7
  6. Introduction ・Effective reproduction number ・The probability that an outbreak starts

    with a single imported case What epidemiological characteristics should be explored in the early stage of an outbreak? 2/7
  7. Introduction Effective reproduction number ・ Insights into the epidemiological situation

    which are measurable ・ Predictions about potential future growth The probability that an outbreak starts with a single imported case ・ Risk to other countries Guide the design of alternative interventions 2/7
  8. Introduction Effective reproduction number ・ Insights into the epidemiological situation

    which are measurable ・ Predictions about potential future growth The probability that an outbreak starts with a single imported case ・ Risk to other countries Guide the design of alternative interventions NEED mathematical modelling!! 2/7
  9. Introduction Concerns with data sources Real time analysis Time delay

    between natural history to report Might be incomplete Might capture only certain aspect of dynamics Might be biased 2/7
  10. Introduction ・Time delay from onset to confirmation Modelling ・The vulnerability

    of data sources Evidence synthesis approaches Robust estimation 2/7
  11. Data sources ・Daily number of new internationally exported cases (or

    lack thereof), by date of onset, as of Jan 26. ・Daily number of new cases in Wuhan with no market exposure, by date of onset, between Dec 29, 2019 and Jan 23, 2020. ・Daily number of new cases in China, by date of onset, between Dec 29, 2019 and Jan 23, 2020. ・Proportion of infected passengers on evacuation flights between Dec 29, 2019 and Feb 4, 2020. Four fitted empirical datasets 3/7
  12. Data sources ・Daily number of new exported cases from Wuhan

    (or lack thereof) in top 20 most at-risk countries, by date of confirmation, as of Feb 10, 2020. ・Data on new confirmed cases reported in Wuhan between Jan 16, 2020, and Feb 11, 2020. Two datasets for comparison with model outputs 3/7
  13. Overview of the method ・Estimate the state trajectories using sequential

    Monte Carlo (SMC), i.e. particle filter to obtain Rt, the symptomatic cases, and prevalence ・States model: Weiner process (Extended SEIR model) ・Observation model: Poisson process (symptomatic cases) ・Observation model: Binomial process (prevalence) 3/7
  14. Overview of the method ・Branching process with a negative binomial

    offspring distribution to calculate the extinction probability 3/7
  15. Results: each states Red line: travel restriction starting on Jan

    23, 2020. Blue line: median Light blue shading: 50%CI Dark blue shading: 95%CI Fitted up to Feb 11, 2020 4/7
  16. Results: each states ・Susceptible on Jan 31, 2020: 94.8 (95%CI

    93.1-96.1)% of the Wuhan population ・Around 10 times more symptomatic cases than were reported as confirmed cases. 4/7
  17. Results: each states ・Confirmed and estimated cases among the 20

    countries generally correspond with each other. (USA and Australia as notable outlier) ・100 (51-100)% of cases would eventually have detectable symptoms. 4/7 Most exported cases in late Jan were eventually detectable in theory.
  18. Results: Rt ・Range (median value): 1.6 to 2.6 between Jan

    1, 2020, and Jan 23, 2020. ・Did not predict the slowdown in early February. ・Decline: 2.35 (1.15-4.77) on Jan 16 to 1.05 (0.41- 2.39) on Jan 30. 4/7 You can see the slowdown in observed confirmed cases.
  19. Results: each states (sensitivity analysis) ・The same result of a

    decline in Rt from more than 2 to almost 1 in last 2 weeks of January, 2020. 4/7 Assume a large number of initial cases Use different mobility data Assume that pre- symptomatic cases are transmissible
  20. Results: probability of large outbreak ・Single initial cases: 17-25% ・More

    than four infection are introduced: over 50% 4/7 Assume SARS-like or MARS-like overdispersion in R0
  21. Discussion The fluctuations in Rt could be the result of

    behaviour in the population at risk, i.e. lockdown. Notably more cases exported to France, USA, Australia compared with what the model predicted. increased surveillance and detection 5/7
  22. Discussion Not necessarily lead to an outbreak when a single

    case is introduced. Important to rapidly identify and isolate cases and conduct other control measures! 5/7
  23. Discussion Highlights the value of combining multiple data sources ・Confirmed

    total cases in some instances apparently doubling every day. (Rt) Once extensive restrictions are introduced, analysing such data can lead underestimation of Rt. 5/7
  24. Discussion “If COVID-19 transmission is established outside Wuhan, understanding the

    effectiveness of control measures in different settings will be crucial for understanding the dynamics of the outbreak, and the likelihood that transmission can eventually be contained or effectively mitigated.” 5/7
  25. Limitation ・The used values of parameters might be refined as

    more comprehensive data become available. Use multiple datasets to infer model parameters Conduct sensitivity analyses on key area of uncertainty The value of overdispersion is assumed as MERS/SARS-CoV. 5/7
  26. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  27. Overview of the method (再掲) ・Estimate the state trajectories using

    sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), i.e. particle filter to obtain Rt, the symptomatic cases, and prevalence ・States model: Weiner process (Extended SEIR model) ・Observation model: Poisson process (symptomatic cases) ・Observation model: Binomial process (prevalence) 6/7
  28. Method sequential Monte Carlo ってなに?? states model とか observation model

    とかわけわからん 6/7 隠れマルコフモデル hidden Markov model の一例の、 状態空間モデル state space model について知る必要あり!
  29. State space model 6/7 : state model (process model) :

    observation model (measure model)
  30. State space model 6/7 : state model (process model) :

    observation model (measure model) 確率微分方程式(SDE)が 基礎理論となります(こ こでその解説はしないで すが・・・)
  31. State space model -example- 6/7 Measure model to take the

    reporting probability into consideration
  32. 6/7

  33. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  34. Method ・S: Susceptible ・E: Exposed but not infectious ・I: Infectious

    ・R: Removed ・Q: The number of symptomatic cases among travellers from Wuhan yet to be reported ・D: The cumulative number of cases among travellers from Wuhan with symptoms ・C: The cumulative number of confirmed cases among travellers from Wuhan 6/7
  35. Method ・β(t): The transmission rate at time t ・σ: The

    rate of becoming symptomatic (1/incubation period) ・γ: The rate of isolation (1/delay from onset to hospitalisation) ・κ: The rate of reporting (1/delay from onset to confirmation) ・f: The fraction of cases that travel 6/7
  36. Geometric Brown motion 少しだけ確率微分方程式 (stochastic differential equation) の話を. 確率微分方程式とは, 微分方程式にstochastic

    noiseを乗せたもの. ただし, まるで異なる性質を持つ. その中心が伊藤の公式 Ito’s formula. 6/7 確率過程 stochastic process 微分方程式 differential equation
  37. Geometric Brown motion 6/7 確率微分方程式 : Brown motion (Weiner process)

    (平均0, 分散 の正規分布に 従う) のもとでこれを解くと, . なお, これは幾何ブラウン運動の一種であるが, 上記のような の形式の確率過程は「幾何ブラウン運動 geometric Brown motion」という.
  38. Fine point ② Erlang distribution を time delay に考慮したことで E

    も I も2つずつ! The definition of the Erlang distribution mean: , shape parameter: The Erlang SEIR modelは Anderson et al. 1980 にて(おそらく)初めて導入 された. 6/7
  39. Fine point ② Incubation period: mean 5.2 days, rate=2 Infectious

    period: mean 2.9 days, rate=2 Erlang distributionにおいてshape parameterが2 Compartmentも2個ずつ 6/7
  40. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  41. Likelihood Dw: Wuhanにおける有症例 Cw: Wuhanにおけるconfirmed case Dt: Wuhanからのexported caseで有症のもの Ct:

    Wuhanからのexported caseでconfirmedであるもの ρw: Wuhanにおけるconfirmed caseの割合 ρt: Exported caseにおけるconfirmed caseの割合 δ: Exported caseに対するWuhan内で報告される相対割合 ω: symptomatic caseになる割合 6/7 確定症例はすべて 有症と仮定 Observation state likelihood (1)(2)(3)をそれぞれ尤度としてdataをfitさせる Observation state likelihood (1)を尤度としてdataをfitさせる Positive evacuated caseの割合 Departureまで未発見のWuhanでのInfectious case
  42. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  43. Sequential Monte Carlo Observation modelにdataをfitさせたとき, そこからstate modelの軌跡を逐 次推定できる. 逐次モンテカルロや粒子フィルタと呼ばれるデータ同化や時 系列分析でよく使われる手法の一つ.

    なお今回validationとして複数のdata で解析. 細かい内容は時間の関係で省きますけれど, descriptiveですが 以前解説文を書いたので記載しておきます. 6/7
  44. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  45. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  46. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  47. Overdispersion Poisson distributionの平均をgamma distributionの事前分布で 置いたものが, negative binomial distribution 6/7 (余談)

    COVID-19の二次感染の過分散推定 の研究結果は, クラスター対策班が 全数把握を優先しなくなった根拠と なっている(Endo et al. 2019)
  48. Overview of this section ・Offspring distribution ・Overdispersion ・The probability of

    extinction 6/7 ・State space model ・State model ・Fine point ① ・Fine point ② ・Fine point ③ ・Likelihood ・Sequential Monte Carlo ・Profile likelihood Analysis 1 Analysis 2
  49. My opinion ・流行初期段階でLockdownの効果や伝播の特徴を検証できたquick studyとしてとても意 義深い論文 ・Multiple data sourcesを用いた解析で一定の妥当性を得る点でkey pointだった! ・Symptomatic

    caseをtransmission dynamics (SEIR model)に組み込むときいま のままではR0に関してoverestimationでは. (Ejima et al. 2013) ・Overdispersion 推定(Endo et al. 2020)が出るまでは過去のSARS/MARSの overdispersionを参考にする根拠が少し弱かったのでは. ・感染率以外の確率的変動も考慮して本来なら計数過程counting processで記述するべき では. ・Time delayの扱いをconvolutionで示す方が仮定が少なくていいかも. ・感染率をstateとして扱っているが、PMCMCを考えてそのほかのparameterも推定する といいのでは. もしくはSMC^2で逐次推定することも考えていい. 7/7
  50. Reference • 本論文 Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, et

    al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 25;:]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):553-558. GitHub https://github.com/adamkucharski/2020-ncov • Overdispersion Endo A; Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group, Abbott S, Kucharski AJ, Funk S. Estimating the overdispersion in COVID-19 transmission using outbreak sizes outside China. Wellcome Open Res. 2020;5:67. Published 2020 Jul 10. • Erlang SEIR model D. Anderson and R. Watson, On the spread of a disease with gamma distributed latent and 287 infectious periods, Biometrika, 67 (1980), pp. 191–198. A. L. Lloyd, Realistic distributions of infectious periods in epidemic models: Changing patterns of persistence and dynamics, Theoretical Population Biology, 60 (2001), pp. 59–71. H. J. Wearing, P. Rohani, and M. J. Keeling, Appropriate models for the management of infectious diseases, PLoS Medicine, 2 (2005), p. e174. O. Krylova and D. J. D. Earn, Effects of the infectious period distribution on predicted tran326 sitions in childhood disease dynamics, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 10 (2013), 327 pp. 20130098–20130098.
  51. Reference • その他発表に際して読んだ中で興味深い論文 Nishiura H, Klinkenberg D, Roberts M, Heesterbeek

    JA. Early epidemiological assessment of the virulence of emerging infectious diseases: a case study of an influenza pandemic. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6852. Published 2009 Aug 31. Ejima K, Aihara K, Nishiura H. The impact of model building on the transmission dynamics under vaccination: observable (symptom-based) versus unobservable (contagiousness-dependent) approaches. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62062. Published 2013 Apr 12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062062 Endo A, Leeuwen EV, Baguelin M, 2019. Introduction to particle markov-chain monte carlo for disease dynamics modellers. Epidemics 29, 100363. Yang W, Karspeck A, Shaman J. Comparison of filtering methods for the modeling and retrospective forecasting of influenza epidemics. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(4):e1003583. Published 2014 Apr 24. McDonald SA, Teunis P, van der Maas N, de Greeff S, de Melker H, Kretzschmar ME. An evidence synthesis approach to estimating the incidence of symptomatic pertussis infection in the Netherlands, 2005-2011. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:588. Published 2015 Dec 29.