Upgrade to Pro — share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more …

Things You Thought You Didn’t Need To Care Abou...

Things You Thought You Didn’t Need To Care About That Have a Big Impact On Your Job

Development is about working with computers, right? Well, not quite. Development is all about working with computers (easy), and working with people (hard). Oh, and it’s about physics. Things like the speed of light and thermodynamics influence APIs, because they influence hardware and networking. If, like Holly, you slept through statistics modules in university, it will be a surprise to discover how statistics has changed our development workflows. Finally, we mustn’t forget economics. The end of zero-interest-rates has changed the employment landscape for many of us. In this
wide-ranging talk, Holly will cover why the end of Moore’s law means we might finally need to get to grips with concurrent programming, why is Loom a good idea now when green threads were a bad idea, why is AOT a good idea now when it used to be a bad idea, and how much you should care about business studies, finance, and statistics.

Avatar for Holly Cummins

Holly Cummins

September 17, 2025
Tweet

More Decks by Holly Cummins

Other Decks in Programming

Transcript

  1. Holly Cummins IBM Things You Thought You Didn’t Need To

    Care About That Have a Big Impact On Your Job XConf 2025
  2. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]}
  3. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]}
  4. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]}
  5. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]}
  6. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]}
  7. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM ski_regions: - fr - ch - se

    - no {"ski_regions": ["fr", "ch", "se", false]} false - no
  8. banned-words: - Ozempic - Ozempick - Ozempik - 0zempic -

    Ozemp1c - Øzempic - 0zempick - …
  9. banned-words: - Ozempic - Ozempick - Ozempik - 0zempic -

    Ozemp1c - Øzempic - 0zempick - …
  10. Dear D e a r f r Exciting E x

    c i t E x c i E x c you! y o u ! y o u ! D e e p y o Ozemp1c. O z e m p 1 c O z e m offer, o f f o f f e
  11. Dear D e a r f r Exciting E x

    c i t E x c i E x c you! y o u ! y o u ! D e e p y o Ozemp1c. O z e m p 1 c O z e m offer, o f f o f f e Hey H e y A l Are A r e A r e y A r e A r e A r e week? w e w e e w e e k ? w e e k ? W e because b e c b e c b e c a u b e c b e the t h e c t h e c l t h the dishwasher! d i d i s d i s h w a side, s i s i d e , s i s i d s i d e to t o c l e t t o c l e a t o Ozempic O z O z e m p i c O z e O z far f a f a r s f f a r f a r f a appetite a p a p p e a p p e t i t e
  12. Dear D e a r f r Exciting E x

    c i t E x c i E x c you! y o u ! y o u ! D e e p y o Ozemp1c. O z e m p 1 c O z e m offer, o f f o f f e Hey H e y A l Are A r e A r e y A r e A r e A r e week? w e w e e w e e k ? w e e k ? W e because b e c b e c b e c a u b e c b e the t h e c t h e c l t h the dishwasher! d i d i s d i s h w a side, s i s i d e , s i s i d s i d e to t o c l e t t o c l e a t o Ozempic O z O z e m p i c O z e O z far f a f a r s f f a r f a r f a appetite a p a p p e a p p e t i t e
  13. Dear D e a r f r Exciting E x

    c i t E x c i E x c you! y o u ! y o u ! D e e p y o Ozemp1c. O z e m p 1 c O z e m offer, o f f o f f e Hey H e y A l Are A r e A r e y A r e A r e A r e week? w e w e e w e e k ? w e e k ? W e because b e c b e c b e c a u b e c b e the t h e c t h e c l t h the dishwasher! d i d i s d i s h w a side, s i s i d e , s i s i d s i d e to t o c l e t t o c l e a t o Ozempic O z O z e m p i c O z e O z far f a f a r s f f a r f a r f a appetite a p a p p e a p p e t i t e
  14. Hey H e y A l Are A r e

    A r e y A r e A r e A r e week? w e w e e w e e k ? w e e k ? W e because b e c b e c b e c a u b e c b e the t h e c t h e c l t h the dishwasher! d i d i s d i s h w a side, s i s i d e , s i s i d s i d e to t o c l e t t o c l e a t o Ozempic O z O z e m p i c O z e O z far f a f a r s f f a r f a r f a appetite a p a p p e a p p e t i t e
  15. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM probability of A, given B probability of

    B, given A probability of A P(A | B) = P(B | A) · P(A) P(B)
  16. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM probability of A, given B probability of

    B, given A probability of A probability of B P(A | B) = P(B | A) · P(A) P(B)
  17. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM probability of A, given B probability of

    B, given A probability of A probability of B guidance for a decision P(A | B) = P(B | A) · P(A) P(B)
  18. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM is this email spam? what proportion of

    spam talks about Ozemp1c? P(spam | Ozemp1c) = P(Ozemp1c | spam) · P(spam) P(Ozemp1c)
  19. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM is this email spam? what proportion of

    spam talks about Ozemp1c? what proportion of emails are spam? P(spam | Ozemp1c) = P(Ozemp1c | spam) · P(spam) P(Ozemp1c)
  20. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM is this email spam? what proportion of

    spam talks about Ozemp1c? what proportion of emails are spam? what proportion of all emails mention Ozemp1c? P(spam | Ozemp1c) = P(Ozemp1c | spam) · P(spam) P(Ozemp1c)
  21. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM recursion 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 )

    = 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 )
  22. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 )
  23. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) what if I don’t know any of these numbers??
  24. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) what if I don’t know any of these numbers?? or this one?
  25. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) what if I don’t know any of these numbers?? or this one? most useless formula ever?
  26. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 )
  27. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) guess!
  28. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) guess! guess!
  29. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ∣ 𝖡 ) =

    𝖯 ( 𝖡 ∣ 𝖠 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖠 ) 𝖯 ( 𝖡 ) guess! guess! guess! or ignore, because it’s a normalizing factor
  30. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “founded upon an error, and must be

    wholly rejected” "ignorance... coined into science."
  31. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “founded upon an error, and must be

    wholly rejected” "ignorance... coined into science." “perhaps the only error to which the mathematical world has so deeply committed itself”
  32. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “founded upon an error, and must be

    wholly rejected” "ignorance... coined into science." “a staggering falsity” “perhaps the only error to which the mathematical world has so deeply committed itself”
  33. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots)
  34. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots)
  35. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85%
  36. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1%
  37. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1% 90%
  38. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1% 90% 0.0001%
  39. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1% 90% 0.0001% 0.85%
  40. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1% 90% 0.0001% 0.85% 0.0009%
  41. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(chickenpox | spots) P(cowpox | spots) =

    = P(spots | chickenpox) · P(chickenpox) P(spots) P(spots | cowpox) · P(cowpox) P(spots) 85% 1% 90% 0.0001% 0.85% 0.0009%
  42. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(clean code | clean report) = P(clean

    report | clean code) · P(clean code) P(clean report)
  43. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(clean code | clean report) = P(clean

    report | clean code) · P(clean code) P(clean report) 99%
  44. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(clean code | clean report) = P(clean

    report | clean code) · P(clean code) P(clean report) 99% 1.98%
  45. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(clean code | clean report) = P(clean

    report | clean code) · P(clean code) P(clean report) 99% 1% 1.98%
  46. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM P(clean code | clean report) = P(clean

    report | clean code) · P(clean code) P(clean report) 99% 1% 1.98% 50%
  47. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 )
  48. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) can I blame concurrency for my headache?
  49. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) can I blame concurrency for my headache? how many devs can cope with concurrency?
  50. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) can I blame concurrency for my headache? how many devs can cope with concurrency? how much concurrency is there?
  51. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) can I blame concurrency for my headache? how many devs can cope with concurrency? how often do heads hurt? how much concurrency is there?
  52. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈 𝗇𝖼 𝗎 𝗋 𝗋𝖾

    𝗇𝖼 𝗒 ∣ 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) = 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾 𝖺 𝖽 𝖺𝖼 𝗁𝖾 ∣ 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼 𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) ⋅ 𝖯 ( 𝖼𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝗎𝗋𝗋 𝖾𝗇 𝖼𝗒 ) 𝖯 ( 𝗁 𝖾𝖺𝖽 𝖺 𝖼𝗁𝖾 ) can I blame concurrency for my headache? how many devs can cope with concurrency? how often do heads hurt? how much concurrency is there?
  53. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM cores per cpu amd + intel sources:

    https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/6cu5ss/highest_amount_of_cores_per_cpu_amd_vs_intel_year/ and https://www.servethehome.com/amd-and-intel-2p-server-core-count-growth-2010-2022/
  54. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM cores per cpu amd + intel sources:

    https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/6cu5ss/highest_amount_of_cores_per_cpu_amd_vs_intel_year/ and https://www.servethehome.com/amd-and-intel-2p-server-core-count-growth-2010-2022/ 1
  55. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM cores per cpu amd + intel sources:

    https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/6cu5ss/highest_amount_of_cores_per_cpu_amd_vs_intel_year/ and https://www.servethehome.com/amd-and-intel-2p-server-core-count-growth-2010-2022/ 1 2
  56. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM cores per cpu amd + intel sources:

    https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/6cu5ss/highest_amount_of_cores_per_cpu_amd_vs_intel_year/ and https://www.servethehome.com/amd-and-intel-2p-server-core-count-growth-2010-2022/ 1 2 48
  57. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM cores per cpu amd + intel sources:

    https://www.reddit.com/r/Amd/comments/6cu5ss/highest_amount_of_cores_per_cpu_amd_vs_intel_year/ and https://www.servethehome.com/amd-and-intel-2p-server-core-count-growth-2010-2022/ 1 2 48 128
  58. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM framework fast reactive core … if it’s

    quarkus :) user code reactive programming model
  59. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM framework fast reactive core … if it’s

    quarkus :) user code reactive programming model virtual threads
  60. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM framework fast reactive core … if it’s

    quarkus :) user code reactive programming model virtual threads structured concurrency
  61. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “It’s not simply that one piece of

    technology is overhyped, it’s that hype is a necessary ingredient of the current business ecosystem of the tech industry.” – Meredith Whittaker
  62. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “It’s not simply that one piece of

    technology is overhyped, it’s that hype is a necessary ingredient of the current business ecosystem of the tech industry.” – Meredith Whittaker
  63. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM Source: Bank of England averting subprime collapse

    covid 0.1% (!) inflation shortages war UK interest rates
  64. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM “knocker-up” 1800s finite demand only employees need

    waking up no one needs waking up more than once - 1940s human alarm clock
  65. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software
  66. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software
  67. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show
  68. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software
  69. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software
  70. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software
  71. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software
  72. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software software to write the software
  73. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software software to write the software software to manage the software that writes the software
  74. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software software to write the software software to manage the software that writes the software software to try and avoid skynet
  75. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software software to write the software software to manage the software that writes the software software to try and avoid skynet software to work out the meaning of life
  76. @hollycummins.com #Quarkus #IBM software to do stuff software to do

    more stuff software to tell people about software software to bypass advertisements in the software software to bypass the bypass software so ads still show software to gamify software software to monitor the software software to debug the vibe-coded software software to manage the software software to write the software software to manage the software that writes the software software to try and avoid skynet software to work out the meaning of life …
  77. @holly_cummins #Quarkus #IBM tl;dpa ⁃ statistics is (annoyingly) important, especially

    bayes ⁃ to achieve more power, computers have to add more cores (too long; didn’t pay attention)
  78. @holly_cummins #Quarkus #IBM tl;dpa ⁃ statistics is (annoyingly) important, especially

    bayes ⁃ to achieve more power, computers have to add more cores ⁃ software is not very good at taking advantage of these cores (too long; didn’t pay attention)
  79. @holly_cummins #Quarkus #IBM tl;dpa ⁃ statistics is (annoyingly) important, especially

    bayes ⁃ to achieve more power, computers have to add more cores ⁃ software is not very good at taking advantage of these cores ⁃ for data you want to be secret in 10 years, use quantum-safe crypto (too long; didn’t pay attention)
  80. @holly_cummins #Quarkus #IBM tl;dpa ⁃ statistics is (annoyingly) important, especially

    bayes ⁃ to achieve more power, computers have to add more cores ⁃ software is not very good at taking advantage of these cores ⁃ for data you want to be secret in 10 years, use quantum-safe crypto ⁃ the rise of interest rates means a tougher job market (too long; didn’t pay attention)
  81. @holly_cummins #Quarkus #IBM tl;dpa ⁃ statistics is (annoyingly) important, especially

    bayes ⁃ to achieve more power, computers have to add more cores ⁃ software is not very good at taking advantage of these cores ⁃ for data you want to be secret in 10 years, use quantum-safe crypto ⁃ the rise of interest rates means a tougher job market ⁃ jevon’s paradox means demand for software will go up even if ai makes producing software cheaper (too long; didn’t pay attention)