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Clear Skies: Turning Massive NASA Data into a Pixel-Perfect World Atlas

Clear Skies: Turning Massive NASA Data into a Pixel-Perfect World Atlas

Chris Herwig

January 09, 2014
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  1. T U R N I N G M A S

    S I V E N A S A D ATA I N T O A P I X E L - P E R F E C T W O R L D AT L A S C L E A R S K I E S
  2. M A P B O X W E M A

    K E C U S T O M M A P S . W E N E E D E D A G O O D S A T E L L I T E B A S E M A P. Satellite Team: Chris Herwig (@hrwgc) – [email protected] Charlie Loyd (@vruba) – [email protected] Bruno Sánchez-Andrade Nuño (@brunosan) – [email protected]
  3. B A S E M A P S • Aesthetics

    and general accuracy both vital • Blue Marble was a big inspiration but not our goal • Goal: Avoid spatial interpolation • Goal: Show peak growth everywhere at once • MODIS was the clear choice
  4. E X A M P L E : W E

    S T A F R I C A
  5. Q U A L I T Y • The quality

    function is the core of this whole process • Algorithm assigns pixels scores based on how much they look like ground cover (as opposed to clouds, smoke, errors, missing data, etc.) • Since it looks at every single input pixel (~5e12 pixels), it has to be very, very simple
  6. D E S I R A B L E P

    I X E L S A P P R O A C H T H E B O T T O M R I G H T ! Saturation (x) and Lightness (y)
  7. • Only pixels in a triangle attached to the left

    edge and reaching across to the right edge are valid in this space, because we’ve defined saturation as the brightest RGB channel minus the dimmest. • Under this definition, there are no highly saturated black or white pixels.
  8. 2

  9. 8

  10. 1 3

  11. 2 6

  12. 4 1

  13. 5 8

  14. S O U R C E I M A G

    E RY • NASA Lance-MODIS Rapid Response 9°×9°s • 374 tiles (row/column subsets overlapping land) • 730–1460 scenes per tile
  15. L A N C E M O D I S

    S U B S E T S
  16. E X A M P L E : R O

    W 1 4 , C O L U M N 1 1 , T E R R A O C T. 1 5 , 2 0 1 2
  17. S O U R C E I M A G

    E RY • Total desired source images: > 400,000 • Timeline was ASAP • We talked with Ryan Boller (NASA GIBS) to figure out best way to handle data acquisition
  18. A C Q U I S I T I O

    N • Lance MODIS was good • GIBS (Global Imagery Browse Service) was better in terms of bulk download speeds • GIBS only had MODIS data back to 5/2012 • Lance MODIS offered pre-cut subsets; GIBS data was via global WMS
  19. D O W N L O A D P L

    A N • Rows 0–7: days of the year 1–80, 265–366 • Rows 8–11: all days of the year • Rows 12+: days of the year 81–264 • All 2011 imagery from Lance • 2012-001–2012-137 from Lance • 2012-138+ from GIBS
  20. S O U R C E I M A G

    E RY • Distributed downloads across 30–45 EC2s, each running 5–15 download processes • 10 second wait time between successive downloads • Random 0–3 second wait time between concurrent downloads (across machines) • Amazon SQS: Task queuing system to ensure we downloaded each file exactly once across our cloud
  21. wget \ -T 45 \ --limit-rate=500k \ -O RRGlobal_$LANCE_ID.$DATE.$SATELLITE.250m.jpg \

    http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/imagery/ subsets/RRGlobal_$LANCE_ID/$DATE/RRGlobal_$LANCE_ID. $DATE.$SATELLITE.250m.jpg L A N C E - M O D I S D O W N L O A D
  22. function get_coords () { ROW="$1" COLUMN="$2" ULLON=$(echo $COLUMN*9-180 | bc);

    LRLON=$(echo $ULLON+9 | bc); LRLAT=$(echo $ROW*9-90 | bc); ULLAT=$(echo $LRLAT+9 | bc); echo "$ULLON $ULLAT $LRLON $LRLAT" } G I B S D O W N L O A D
  23. gdal_translate \ -of JPEG \ -outsize 4096 4096 \ -projwin

    $BBOX \ -co QUALITY=80 \ -a_srs EPSG:4326 \ "<GDAL_WMS> <Service name=\"TiledWMS\"> <ServerUrl>http://map1.vis.earthdata.nasa.gov/twms-geo/ twms.cgi?</ServerUrl> <TiledGroupName>MODIS ${SATELLITE} tileset</ TiledGroupName> <Change key=\"\${time}\">$DATE</Change> </Service> </GDAL_WMS>" \ "RRGlobal_${LANCE_ID}.${DOY_DATE}.${SATELLITE}.250m.jpg" G I B S D O W N L O A D
  24. P R O C E S S I N G

    Declouding for all 374 tiles: 639 computing hours ! 40 Amazon EC2 spot instances (M2.2XL) for 16 hours ! Besides a few tests and re-dos, the bulk of the processing happened over a single weekend.
  25. D AT E L I N E L O N

    G I T U D E ± 1 8 0 (That’s an image bug, not a deliberate highlight…)
  26. R R G L O B A L _ R

    1 7 C 0 0 . 2 0 1 2 2 4 6 . T E R R A . 2 5 0 M . J P G
  27. R R G L O B A L _ R

    1 7 C 0 0 . 2 0 1 2 2 4 6 . T E R R A . 2 5 0 M . J P G
  28. Rendering color for human consumption is always partly subjective, but

    some color treatments are more accurate than others.
  29. D E C L O U D E D A

    N TA R C T I C A
  30. L I M A L A N D S A

    T I M A G E M O S A I C O F A N TA R C T I C A
  31. M O A M O S A I C O

    F A N TA R C T I C A
  32. A P R E V I E W O F

    M A P B O X ’ S N E X T I T E R AT I O N O F C L O U D L E S S AT L A S ! T H E C L O U D V. C L O U D S
  33. L A N D S AT V. M O D

    I S Landsat’s resolution is great compared to MODIS. But it comes with relative difficulties: • Frequency (≤ 1/16 day v. ≤ 2/day) • No atmospheric correction • Tiling and SLC-Off • Archival availability • Raw file size
  34. T I L I N G A N D S

    L C - O F F Because both are essentially missing data problems, we have a technique: treat null bands and missing corners like clouds!
  35. AT M O S P H E R I C

    C O R R E C T I O N • ~2,000,000 source images meet project specs • That’s a lot of LEDAPS! • 200,000 computing hours for atmospheric correction
  36. L E D A P S • High-quality software routines

    improve L1 images substantially • Not enough documentation easily accessible for use of software/underlying algorithm • No Landsat 8 support (yet) • Compiling is a chore -> AWS Cloudformation + AMIs
  37. • Fewer Landsat scenes available • Scene bundles come with

    a lot of extra info • Sometimes scenes with coverage we want weren’t collected or archived • Solution: multiple endpoints AVA I L A B I L I T Y
  38. T O TA L L A N D S AT

    5 A N D 7 S C E N E S AVA I L A B L E F R O M U S G S T H AT M E E T P R O J E C T S P E C S : 2 , 4 0 2 , 0 5 6
  39. C L O U D S H A D O

    W S Cloud shadows don’t really matter until you’re at about 100 m/px or sharper. ! They trick a naïve algorithm because they’re darker, which usually means clearer, than other pixels. ! So you have to get into fine-tuning the band math, which has other effects too!
  40. C L O U D S H A D O

    W S : B E F O R E
  41. C L O U D S H A D O

    W S : A F T E R
  42. Q U E S T I O N S ?

    C O M M E N T S ? Chris Herwig (@hrwgc)
 [email protected] Charlie Loyd (@vruba)
 [email protected] Bruno Sánchez-Andrade Nuño
 (@brunosan) – [email protected]