The first few milliseconds of HTTPS - PHPNW16

Transcript

1. The first few milliseconds of HTTPS
   1
   Joshua Thijssen
   JayTaph
   

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2. HTTPS ==
   HTTP on top of TLS
   2
   

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3. Transport Layer Security
   (TLS)
   3
   

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4. Secure Socket Layer
   (SSL)
   4
   A short and scary history
   

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5. then
   now
   5
   

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6. then
   now
   SSL 1.0
   Vaporware
   1994
   5
   

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7. then
   now
   feb
   1995
   SSL 2.0
   Not-so-secure-socket-layer
   SSL 1.0
   Vaporware
   1994
   5
   

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8. then
   now
   feb
   1995
   SSL 2.0
   Not-so-secure-socket-layer
   jun
   1996
   SSL 3.0
   Something stable!
   SSL 1.0
   Vaporware
   1994
   5
   

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9. then
   now
   feb
   1995
   SSL 2.0
   Not-so-secure-socket-layer
   jun
   1996
   SSL 3.0
   Something stable!
   jan
   1999
   TLS 1.0
   SSL 3.1
   SSL 1.0
   Vaporware
   1994
   5
   

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10. then
    now
    feb
    1995
    SSL 2.0
    Not-so-secure-socket-layer
    jun
    1996
    SSL 3.0
    Something stable!
    jan
    1999
    TLS 1.0
    SSL 3.1
    apr
    2006
    TLS 1.1
    SSL 1.0
    Vaporware
    1994
    5
    

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11. then
    now
    feb
    1995
    SSL 2.0
    Not-so-secure-socket-layer
    jun
    1996
    SSL 3.0
    Something stable!
    jan
    1999
    TLS 1.0
    SSL 3.1
    apr
    2006
    TLS 1.1
    TLS 1.2
    aug
    2008
    SSL 1.0
    Vaporware
    1994
    5
    

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12. https://www.trustworthyinternet.org/ssl-pulse/
    25,7%
    99,6% 99,3%
    18,2% 20,7%
    SSL 2.0 SSL 3.0 TLS 1.0 TLS 1.1 TLS 1.2
    6
    November 2013
    

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13. https://www.trustworthyinternet.org/ssl-pulse/
    25,7%
    99,6% 99,3%
    18,2% 20,7%
    SSL 2.0 SSL 3.0 TLS 1.0 TLS 1.1 TLS 1.2
    6
    November 2013
    6,9%
    21,4%
    96,2%
    77,6% 80,0%
    SSL 2.0 SSL 3.0 TLS 1.0 TLS 1.1 TLS 1.2
    September 2016
    

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15. RFC 5246
    (TLS v1.2)
    8
    

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16. ➡ Authenticate and exchange information.
    ➡ Exchange a key (through a public key
    system).
    ➡ Create "tunnel" with symmetric encryption
    (both sides use the same exchanged key).
    9
    

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17. 10
    https://github.com/vincentbernat/rfc5077/blob/master/ssl-handshake.svg
    

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18. Attention:
    (live)
    wiresharking
    up ahead
    11
    

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20. TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
    13
    

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21. TLS
    ECDHE_ECDSA
    WITH
    AES_128_GCM
    SHA256
    14
    

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22. TLS
    ECDHE_ECDSA
    WITH
    AES_128_GCM
    SHA256
    Cipher for exchanging
    key information
    14
    

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23. TLS
    ECDHE_ECDSA
    WITH
    AES_128_GCM
    SHA256
    Cipher for exchanging
    key information
    Cipher for
    authenticating key
    information
    14
    

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24. TLS
    ECDHE_ECDSA
    WITH
    AES_128_GCM
    SHA256
    Cipher for exchanging
    key information
    Cipher for
    authenticating key
    information
    Actual cipher (and
    length) used for
    communication
    14
    

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25. TLS
    ECDHE_ECDSA
    WITH
    AES_128_GCM
    SHA256
    Cipher for exchanging
    key information
    Cipher for
    authenticating key
    information
    Hash algo for message
    authenticating
    Actual cipher (and
    length) used for
    communication
    14
    

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26. TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
    15
    

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27. TLS_NULL_WITH_NULL_NULL
    16
    

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28. Client gives cipher options,
    Server ultimately decides on cipher!
    17
    

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29. THIS IS WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS
    CONFIGURE YOUR CIPHERS
    ON YOUR WEB SERVER!
    18
    Unknown fact!
    

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30. 19
    https://cipherli.st
    Gives you strong cipher configuration
    webservers (apache,nginx etc)
    and other software.
    

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31. https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
    20
    

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34. 23
    ➡ SNI (Server Name Indication)
    ➡ Extension 0x0000
    ➡ Pretty much every decent browser / server / os
    ➡ Except:
    IE6, Win XP, Blackberry, Android 2.x, java 1.6.x
    

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36. What an SSL certificate is NOT:
    25
    ➡ SSL certificate (but a X.509 certificate)
    ➡ Automatically secure
    ➡ Automatically trustworthy
    ➡ In any way better self-signed certificates
    ➡ Cheap
    

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37. What an SSL certificate is:
    26
    ➡ The best way (but not perfect) to prove authenticity
    ➡ A way to bootstrap encrypted communication
    ➡ Misleading
    ➡ (Too) Expensive
    

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38. Certificate:
    Data:
    Version: 3 (0x2)
    Serial Number:
    0c:00:93:10:d2:06:db:e3:37:55:35:80:11:8d:dc:87
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
    Issuer: C=US, O=DigiCert Inc, OU=www.digicert.com, CN=DigiCert SHA2 Extended Validation Server CA
    Validity
    Not Before: Apr 8 00:00:00 2014 GMT
    Not After : Apr 12 12:00:00 2016 GMT
    Subject: ... C=US, ST=California, L=San Francisco, O=GitHub, Inc., CN=github.com
    Subject Public Key Info:
    Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
    Public-Key: (2048 bit)
    Modulus:
    00:b1:d4:dc:3c:af:fd:f3:4e:ed:c1:67:ad:e6:cb:
    22:e8:b7:e2:ab:28:f2:f7:dc:62:70:08:d1:0c:af:
    .......
    67:8d
    Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
    X509v3 extensions:
    X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
    DNS:github.com, DNS:www.github.com
    X509v3 Key Usage: critical
    Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
    X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
    TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
    X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
    CA:FALSE
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
    6f:e7:6d:cb:82:f3:ef:90:87:09:d7:0f:15:22:2c:8c:fe:d3:
    ab:1c:8a:96:db:5d:12:5d:d1:78:c0:31:b0:ff:45:c8:89:f7:
    08:98:52:17:1f:4c:4b:20:64:6a:6d:db:50:d7:10:be:7e:ab:
    ......
    ee:b7:33:69
    27
    

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39. 28
    yourdomain.com
    

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40. 28
    yourdomain.com
    Intermediate
    CA
    

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41. 28
    yourdomain.com
    Intermediate
    CA
    

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42. 28
    yourdomain.com
    Root
    CA
    Intermediate
    CA
    

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43. 28
    yourdomain.com
    Root
    CA
    Intermediate
    CA
    

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44. 28
    yourdomain.com
    Root
    CA
    Intermediate
    CA
    

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45. 29
    IMPLIED TRU$T
    

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46. ➡ (Root) Certificate Authorities
    ➡ They are built into your browser / OS
    and you will automatically trust them.
    30
    

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47. 31
    wget http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt\?raw\=1 -O - -q | grep Issuer | sort | uniq | wc -l
    

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48. 31
    wget http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt\?raw\=1 -O - -q | grep Issuer | sort | uniq | wc -l
    176
    And rising...
    

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49. View Slide

50. 32
    ➡ X.509 certificates are used to authenticate
    the server.
    

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51. 32
    ➡ X.509 certificates are used to authenticate
    the server.
    ➡ Servers can ask clients to authenticate
    themselves as well.
    

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52. 32
    ➡ X.509 certificates are used to authenticate
    the server.
    ➡ Servers can ask clients to authenticate
    themselves as well.
    ➡ APIs
    

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53. Sending over
    our initial secret data
    33
    

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54. ➡ Client generates random key (pre-shared key).
    ➡ Client encrypts key with public key from
    server SSL certificate.
    ➡ Client sends encrypted key to server.
    ➡ Server decrypts key.
    34
    RSA
    

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55. ➡ Server generates key pair
    ➡ Server sends public key to client, with
    signature to prove authenticity (pub key
    from SSL certificate)
    ➡ Client generates key pair
    ➡ Client sends public key to server
    ➡ Both server and client calculate "secret".
    35
    (Elliptic curve) Diffie-Hellman (ephemeral)
    

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56. View Slide

57. 37
    Generating secrets:
    

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58. 37
    pre master secret
    Generating secrets:
    

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59. 37
    pre master secret server rand
    client rand
    Generating secrets:
    + +
    

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60. 37
    pre master secret server rand
    client rand
    master secret
    Generating secrets:
    + +
    

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61. 37
    pre master secret server rand
    client rand
    master secret
    master secret server rand client rand
    Generating secrets:
    + +
    +
    +
    

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62. 37
    pre master secret server rand
    client rand
    master secret
    master secret server rand client rand
    key buffer
    Generating secrets:
    + +
    +
    +
    

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63. 37
    pre master secret server rand
    client rand
    master secret
    client MAC client KEY client IV server MAC server KEY server IV
    master secret server rand client rand
    key buffer
    Generating secrets:
    + +
    +
    +
    

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64. https://github.com/jaytaph/TLS-decoder
    38
    http://www.adayinthelifeof.nl/2013/12/30/decoding-tls-with-php/
    Try it yourself, php style:
    

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68. 42
    Wireshark CAN decrypt your HTTPS traffic
    Unknown fact!
    SSLKEYLOGFILE
    https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/Psst+Your+Browser+Knows+All+Your+Secrets+/16415
    

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69. 43
    launchctl setenv SSLKEYLOGFILE /tmp/keylog.secret
    on a mac:
    

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70. -ETOOMUCHINFO
    44
    

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71. ➡ TLS has overhead in computation and
    transfers. But definitely worth it.
    ➡ Google likes it.
    ➡ Some cipher suites are better, but slower.
    ➡ Speed / Security compromise
    ➡ (try: “openssl speed”)
    45
    

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72. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7457
    46
    Summarizing Known Attacks on Transport Layer Security (TLS)
    and Datagram TLS (DTLS)
    

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73. TLS 1.3
    47
    

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74. 48
    ➡ Still in draft
    ➡ 1-RTT (initial 0-RTT) for handshakes
    ➡ Dropped insecure features
    

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75. 49
    https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
    

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76. http://farm1.static.flickr.com/73/163450213_18478d3aa6_d.jpg 50
    

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77. 51
    Find me on twitter: @jaytaph
    Find me for development and training: www.noxlogic.nl
    Find me on email: jthijssen@noxlogic.nl
    Find me for blogs: www.adayinthelifeof.nl
    

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