How to choose the right charts for Exploratory Data Analysis

This is to show you how to choose the right charts for Exploratory Data Analysis and how to use charts like Histogram, Density Plot, Boxplot, Scatter, Stack Bar charts in Exploratory.  

1. How to Choose the Right Charts for EDA
2. How to Choose the Right Charts for Exploratory Data Analysis
3. EXPLORATORY
4. Kan Nishida co-founder/CEO Exploratory Summary Beginning of 2016, launched Exploratory, Inc. to democratize Data Science. Prior to Exploratory, Kan was a director of product development at Oracle leading teams for building various Data Science products in areas including Machine Learning, BI, Data Visualization, Mobile Analytics, Big Data, etc. While at Oracle, Kan also provided training and consulting services to help organizations transform with data. @KanAugust Speaker
5. Mission Make Data Science Available for Everyone
6. Data Science is not just for Engineers and Statisticians. Exploratory makes it possible for Everyone to do Data Science. The Third Wave
7. First Wave Second Wave Third Wave Proprietary Open Source UI & Programming Programming 2016 2000 1976 Monetization Commoditization Democratization Statisticians Data Scientists Democratization of Data Science Algorithms Experience Tools Open Source UI & Automation Business Users Theme Users
8. Questions Communication (Dashboard, Note, Slides) Data Access Data Wrangling Visualization Analytics (Statistics / Machine Learning) Exploratory Data Analysis
9. How to Choose the Right Charts for Exploratory Data Analysis
10. Questions Communication (Dashboard, Note, Slides) Data Access Data Wrangling Visualization Analytics (Statistics / Machine Learning)
11. EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis) 11
12. An exploratory and iterative process of asking many questions and find answers from data in order to build better hypothesis for Explanation, Prediction, and Control. 12 EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
13. 13 Questions Answers Data Hypotheses EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
14. Why Data Analysis? 14
15. 15 Goal Grow Business
16. 16 Goal Grow Business Increase Number of Customers Problem
17. 17 Quantify Increase Customers Number of Customers Problem Goal Grow Business
18. 18 Predict how many customers we will have. Prediction e.g. Customers will be 1000 by end of this year.
19. 19 e.g. We want to grow Customers to 1000. What can we do to make that happen? Control
20. 20 Prediction Control Hypothesis Correlation / Influence Causal Relationship
21. 21 Hypothesis If the weather will be warm, we will have more customers. If we offer 10% discount, we would have more customers. Prediction Control
22. 22 Test Hypotheses by using Data • Hypothesis Test • A/B Test Hypotheses Data Test
23. 23 Hypotheses Data Test Confirmatory Analysis
24. 24 Prediction Control Hypothesis Correlation / Influence Causal Relationship How can we build Hypothesis?
25. 25 Build hypotheses by exploring data. EDA Hypotheses Data Test Data Exploratory Data Analysis
26. An exploratory and iterative process of asking many questions and find answers from data in order to build better hypothesis for Explanation, Prediction, and Control. 26 EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
27. Employee Data
28. Employee Data
29. Goal • Want to explain how the salary is decided. • Want to predict the salary based on the attributes. • What to control to increase salary, if possible!
30. An exploratory and iterative process of asking many questions and find answers from data in order to build better hypothesis for Prediction and Control. 30 EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
31. 31 Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is often vague, than an exact answer to the wrong question, which can always be made precise. — John Tukey
32. 32 • How the variation in variables? • How are the variables associated (or correlated) to one another? Two Principle Questions for EDA
33. “Since the aim of exploratory data analysis is to learn what seems to be, it should be no surprise that pictures play a vital role in doing it well. There is nothing better for making you think of questions you had forgotten to ask (even mentally),” John Tukey
34. Visualizing Variance and Correlation
35. Visualizing Variance
36. $6,503 Variance Average $15,000 $1,000
37. $6,503 Average
38. Questions for Variance • What are the typical values? • Are there any outliers compared to the general trend in the variance? • How the data is distributed? • Are there any patterns you can spot in the variance? 38
39. Summary View
41. 41 Histogram Density Plot Bar Chart Charts to visualize the variance.
42. 42 How to pick which charts to use?
43. 43 Depends on Data Type
44. Continuous Data vs. Categorical Data 44
45. Continuous Data vs. Categorical Data 45
46. • Numerical - Numeric, Integer, Double • Date/Time - Date, POSIXct 46
47. Numerical 0 10 20 30 40 50 11 22 45 Continuous and Ordinal relationship among values.
48. 48 Histogram Density Plot Bar Chart Visualize the Variance of Numerical Variables
49. Histogram 49
50. 50 It splits numerical values into a set of ‘bins’ with equal range it shows the size (or number of rows) for each ‘bin’.
51. Visualizing Variance with Histogram 51 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
52. 52 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles. Visualize the Variance with Histogram
54. 54 Increase Number of Bars
55. 55 Increase to 100 Bars.
56. 56 There seems to be a few different groups.
57. Visualize the Variance with Density Plot 57 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
58. 58 There is no clear difference between Female and Male.
59. Visualize the Variance with Density Plot 59 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
60. 60 Manager’s Monthly Income range seems to be higher while Sales Rep & Research Scientist are lower.
61. Density Plot 61
62. 62 • Draws a smooth curve to visualize the distribution of data. • The height shows an estimated data density of any given point.
63. Visualizing Variance with Density Plot 63 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
64. Visualizing Variance with Density Plot 64 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
66. Visualizing Variance with Density Plot 66 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
67. 67 There is no clear difference between Female and Male.
68. Visualizing Variance with Density Plot 68 1. Visualize a variance of Monthly Income 2. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the Monthly Income variance among Job Roles.
69. 69 It’s easier to see the differences among Job Roles compared to Histogram.
70. Density Plot Histogram Same data variance is visualized in different ways.
71. Continuous Data vs. Categorical Data 71
72. Categorical California Texas New York Florida Oregon • No continuous relationship • Limited Set of Values • Ordinal relationship is NOT necessary
73. 73 Histogram Density Plot Bar Chart
74. Visualize the Variance with Bar Chart 74 1. Visualize the variation of Job Role 2. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Attrition Status.
75. Visualize the Variance with Bar Chart 75 1. Visualize the variation of Job Role 2. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Attrition Status.
78. Visualize the Variance with Bar Chart 78 1. Visualize the variation of Job Role 2. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Attrition Status.
80. Visualize the Variance with Bar Chart 80 1. Visualize the variation of Job Role 2. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Male and Female. 3. Find if there is a difference in the variations in Job Role between Attrition Status.
83. Visualizing Association and Correlation 83
84. 84 A relationship where changes in one variable happen together with changes in another variable with a certain rule. Association and Correlation
85. 85 Association Correlation Any type of relationship between two variables. A certain type of (usually linear) association between two variables
86. 86 US UK Japan 5000 2500 Monthly Income variances are different among countries. Country Monthly Income 0 Association
87. 87 Age Monthly Income The bigger the Age is, the bigger the Monthly Income is. Correlation
88. Strong Negative Correlation No Correlation Strong Positive Correlation 0 1 -1 -0.5 0.5 Correlation
89. 89 Why Association & Correlation are Important?
90. 90 Variance Average (Mean) $20,000 $1,000
91. 91 Variance $20,000 $1,000 Monthly Income
92. 92 How much the income would be in this company? $20,000 $1,000 Monthly Income Variance
93. 93 Uncertainty $20,000 $1,000 Monthly Income How much the income would be in this company? Variance
94. 94 0 30 20 If we can find a correlation between Monthly Income and Working Years… 10 $20,000 $1,000 Working Years Monthly Income
95. 95 0 30 20 10 $20,000 $1,000 Working Years If Working Years is 20 years, Monthly Income would be around $15,000. $15,000 Monthly Income
96. 96 5000 0 30 20 Working Years Correlation Variance 100 $20,000 $1,000 $15,000 Correlation reduces Uncertainty caused by Variance. Monthly Income
97. 97 US UK Japan Association Variance Reduce Uncertainty 5000 100 Monthly Income
98. If we can find strong correlations, it makes it easier to explain how Monthly Income changes and to predict what Monthly Income will be.
99. Correlation is not equal to Causation. Causation is a special type of Correlation. If we can confirm a given Correlation is Causation, then we can control the outcome.
100. Visualizing Association and Correlation 100
101. 101 Scatter Plot Boxplot Violin Plot Heatmap Density Plot Stack Bar
102. 102 How to choose the right charts?
103. 103 Depends on the combination of data types.
104. 104 • Category vs. Numerical • Numerical vs. Numerical • Category vs. Category Combination of Data Types
105. 105 • Category vs. Numerical • Numerical vs. Numerical • Category vs. Category Combination of Data Types
106. 106 Scatter Plot Boxplot Violin Plot Heatmap Density Plot Stack Bar
107. 107 Histogram with Color
108. 108 Job Role (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric)
109. 109 Density Plot with Color
110. 110 Job Role (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric)
111. 111 Boxplot
112. Boxplot • Displays the distribution of numerical values by Category • Y Axis represents range of values, X Axis represents each Category
114. Separate into 4 groups (quartile) so that each group has equal size.
115. 3Q (3rd Quartile / 75 Percentile) 2Q (2nd Quartile / 50 Percentile / Median) 1Q (1st Quartile / 25 Percentile)
117. 3Q Median 1Q
118. 3Q Median 1Q Max Min
119. Visualize the relationship between Categorical and Numerical 119 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Job Role. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Gender.
120. Visualize the relationship between Categorical and Numerical 120 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Job Role. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Gender.
121. 121 Job Role (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric)
122. 122 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Job Role. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Gender. Visualize the relationship between Categorical and Numerical
123. 123 Gender (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric)
124. Gender (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric) by Job Role (Category)
125. OR…
126. Job Role (Category) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric) by Gender (Category)
127. 127 • Category vs. Numerical • Numerical vs. Numerical • Category vs. Category Combination of Data Types
128. 128 Scatter Plot Boxplot Violin Plot Heatmap Density Plot Stack Bar
129. 129 Scatter Plot
130. 130 Numeric Numeric Each data point (row) is positioned at an intersection of two numeric variables.
131. Strong Negative Correlation No Correlation Strong Positive Correlation 0 1 -1 -0.5 0.5 Correlation
132. Visualize the relationship between Numerical and Numerical 132 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Age. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years. 3. Find if the correlations are different among Job Roles.
133. Visualize the relationship between Numerical and Numerical 133 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Age. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years. 3. Find if the correlations are different among Job Roles.
134. 134 Age (Numeric) vs. Monthly Income (Numeric)
135. 135 Show a Trend Line.
137. Check the strength of correlation.
138. Visualize the relationship between Numerical and Numerical 138 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Age. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years. 3. Find if the correlations are different among Job Roles.
140. 140 Check the strength of correlation.
141. Visualize the relationship between Numerical and Numerical 141 1. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Age. 2. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years. 3. Find if the correlations are different among Job Roles.
142. 142 The strength of correlation varies among Job Roles.
143. 143 • Category vs. Numerical • Numerical vs. Numerical • Category vs. Category Combination of Data Types
144. 144 Scatter Plot Boxplot Violin Plot Heatmap Density Plot Stack Bar
145. 145 Category vs. Category Calculating the size (number of rows) for each pair and/or calculate the ratio against the total size.
146. 146 1. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Education. 2. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. 3. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Salary. 4. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years. Visualize the relationship between Categorical and Categorical
147. 147 1. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Education. 2. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. 3. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Salary. 4. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years.
148. Education (Category) vs. Job Role (Category)
149. 149 1. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Education. 2. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. 3. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Salary. 4. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years.
150. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. Job Role (Categorical) vs. Attrition (Logical)
151. • Logical is a special case of Categorical. • It can have only two unique values. • They are TRUE or FALSE.
152. Categorical California Texas New York Florida Oregon No continuous relationship No ordinal relationship is necessary
153. TRUE FALSE Is she Japanese? Either TRUE or FALSE Logical
154. Job Role (Category) vs. Attrition (Logical)
155. 155 1. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Education. 2. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. 3. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Salary. 4. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years.
156. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Income. Job Role (Categorical) vs. Monthly Income (Numerical)
157. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Income. Job Role (Categorical) vs. Monthly Income (Numerical) Monthly Income (Categorical) Binning
158. Monthly Income
159. After Binning…
160. Monthly Income (Category) vs. Job Role (Category)
161. 161 1. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Education. 2. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Attrition. 3. Visualize the relationship between Job Role and Monthly Salary. 4. Visualize the relationship between Monthly Salary and Total Working Years.
162. Monthly Income (Category) vs. Total Working Years (Category)
163. Monthly Income (Category) vs. Job Role (Category)
164. Q & A
165. EXPLORATORY