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Small Deviations for the $\beta$-Jacobi Ensemble

Ben
September 28, 2012

Small Deviations for the $\beta$-Jacobi Ensemble

Ben

September 28, 2012
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  1. Random Matrix Theory The spectral theory of random matrices studies

    the distribution of the eigenvalues as the size of the matrix goes to infinity. Global Regime Empirical Spectral Measure: On average, how are the eigenvalues distributed? Local Regime Bulk statistics: What does the spacing between eigenvalues look like? Edge statistics: What is the limiting distribution of the largest/smallest eigenvalue?
  2. Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (β = 2) Let {xi,j , yi,j

    }∞ i,j=1 be i.i.d. standard Gaussian random variables. Definition The Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) is the space of all n × n matrices of the form: Xn =        x1,1 x1,2+iy1,2 √ 2 · · · x1,n+iy1,n √ 2 x1,2−iy1,2 √ 2 x2,2 · · · x1,n+iy1,n √ 2 . . . . . . ... . . . x1,n+iy1,n √ 2 xn,2−iyn,2 √ 2 · · · xn,n        The eigenvalues of Xn have joint density given by P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zn,2 j<k |λj − λk|2e−2 4 n k=1 λ2 k
  3. Wigner’s Semicircle Law Theorem (Wigner 1954) Let λn 1 ≤

    λn 2 ≤ · · · ≤ λn n denote the ordered eigenvalues of a matrix 1 √ n Xn. For almost every sequence, {Xn}∞ n=1 , of GOE or GUE matrices 1 n n i=1 δλn i =⇒ SC, where SC is the probability distribution on R with density σ(x) = 1 2π 4 − x21|x|≤2
  4. Empirical Semicircle Law ￿1 ￿0.5 0 0.5 1 Λ 0.0

    0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 P￿Λ￿ Figure : Eigenvalue distribution of a scaled 5000 × 5000 GOE matrix
  5. Tracy-Widom Distribution Theorem (C. Tracy & H. Widom, 1994) Let

    λmax be the largest eigenvalue of a GUE matrix. Then lim n→∞ P n2/3 λmax √ n − 2 < t = FTW2 (t) where FTW2 (t) = det (I − KAiry ) The Airy Kernel operates on L2(t, ∞) Fredholm determinant can be computed explicitly det (I − KAiry ) = exp − ∞ t (x − t)q(x)2dx where q solves the Painlevé II differential equation.
  6. Empirical Tracy-Widom Distribution ￿4 ￿2 0 2 4 Λ 0.00

    0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 P￿Λ￿ Figure : Distribution of scaled λmax for 10, 000 GOE matrices of size 500 × 500
  7. Rate of Concentration Question: How quickly do the finite n

    distributions concentrate on the Tracy-Widom distribution?
  8. Rate of Concentration Question: How quickly do the finite n

    distributions concentrate on the Tracy-Widom distribution? Rewrite the Tracy-Widom limit theorem as lim n→∞ P λmax < 2 √ n(1 + tn−2/3) = FTW2 (t)
  9. Rate of Concentration Question: How quickly do the finite n

    distributions concentrate on the Tracy-Widom distribution? Rewrite the Tracy-Widom limit theorem as lim n→∞ P λmax < 2 √ n(1 + tn−2/3) = FTW2 (t) For n ≥ 1 and ε ∈ (0, 1], look for bounds on P λmax ≥ 2 √ n(1 + ε) and P λmax ≤ 2 √ n(1 − ε)
  10. Rate of Concentration Question: How quickly do the finite n

    distributions concentrate on the Tracy-Widom distribution? Rewrite the Tracy-Widom limit theorem as lim n→∞ P λmax < 2 √ n(1 + tn−2/3) = FTW2 (t) For n ≥ 1 and ε ∈ (0, 1], look for bounds on P λmax ≥ 2 √ n(1 + ε) and P λmax ≤ 2 √ n(1 − ε) ε must be small to capture the Tracy-Widom shape
  11. Clasical Small Deviations For β = 1, 2, 4, the

    Tracy-Widom distribution functions have shape 1 − FTW2 (t) ∼ e−2 3 βt3/2 as t → ∞, FTW2 (t) ∼ e− 1 24 βt3 as t → −∞ Ledoux (2004) For the largest eigenvalue of a GUE matrix, one has P λmax ≥ 2 √ n(1 + ε) ≤ Ce−βnε3/2/C P λmax ≤ 2 √ n(1 − ε) ≤ Ce−βn2ε3/C Upper bounds are on the right-tail and left-tail respectively Exponents match Tracy-Widom distribution
  12. The β-Hermite Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Hermite ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zn,β j<k |λj − λk|βe−β 4 n k=1 λ2 k
  13. The β-Hermite Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Hermite ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zn,β j<k |λj − λk|βe−β 4 n k=1 λ2 k When β = 1, 2, 4 The above density is shared with the Gaussian ensembles
  14. The β-Hermite Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Hermite ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zn,β j<k |λj − λk|βe−β 4 n k=1 λ2 k When β = 1, 2, 4 The above density is shared with the Gaussian ensembles Models are exactly solvable: k-point correlation functions can be written in terms of Hermite polynomials
  15. The β-Laguerre Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Laguerre ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,a,n i<j |λi − λj |β n−1 k=0 λ β 2 a−1 k e−β 2 n k=1 λk
  16. The β-Laguerre Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Laguerre ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,a,n i<j |λi − λj |β n−1 k=0 λ β 2 a−1 k e−β 2 n k=1 λk When β = 1, 2 LOE and LUE are of type XX∗, where X is a n × M(n) matrix with gaussian entries.
  17. The β-Laguerre Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Laguerre ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,a,n i<j |λi − λj |β n−1 k=0 λ β 2 a−1 k e−β 2 n k=1 λk When β = 1, 2 LOE and LUE are of type XX∗, where X is a n × M(n) matrix with gaussian entries. Global behavior is characterized by the Marchenko-Pastur Law
  18. The β-Laguerre Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the

    β-Laguerre ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,a,n i<j |λi − λj |β n−1 k=0 λ β 2 a−1 k e−β 2 n k=1 λk When β = 1, 2 LOE and LUE are of type XX∗, where X is a n × M(n) matrix with gaussian entries. Global behavior is characterized by the Marchenko-Pastur Law Scaled largest eigenvalue converges to Tracy-Widom
  19. The Hermite Tridiagonal Matrix The following tridiagonal matrix models the

    β-Hermite ensemble. Hβ = 1 √ 2        N(0, 2) χ(n−1)β χ(n−1)β N(0, 2) χ(n−2)β ... ... ... χ2β N(0, 2) χβ χβ N(0, 2)       
  20. The Hermite Tridiagonal Matrix The following tridiagonal matrix models the

    β-Hermite ensemble. Hβ = 1 √ 2        N(0, 2) χ(n−1)β χ(n−1)β N(0, 2) χ(n−2)β ... ... ... χ2β N(0, 2) χβ χβ N(0, 2)        Theorem (Dimitriu, Edelman (2003)) For any β > 0, the eigenvalues of Hβ have joint density P(λ1, λ2, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,n 1≤i<j≤n |λi − λj |βe−β 2 n i=1 λ2 i
  21. The Laguerre Tridiagonal Matrix The β-Laguerre ensemble is modeled by

    the tridiagonal matrix Lβ,a = Bβ,aBT β,a , where Bβ,a =      χ(a+n)β χ(n−1)β χ(a+n−1)β ... ... χβ χ(a+1)β      Theorem (Dimitriu, Edelman (2003)) When β, a > 0 the eigenvalues of Lβ,a have joint density P(λ1, . . . , λn) = 1 Zβ,a,n i<j |λi − λj |β n−1 k=0 λ β 2 a−1 k e−β 2 n k=1 λk
  22. Edelman and Sutton Conjectures The centered and scaled Hermite tridiagonal

    matrix should converge to the Stochastic Airy Operator. Edelman and Sutton Conjecture (2005) n1/6 Hβ − 2 √ nIn =⇒ −Hβ Hβ is the Stochastic Airy Operator is defined by Hβ = − d2 dx2 + x + 2 √ β b (x) b’ is "white noise", the formal derivative of Brownian motion Centering and scaling agrees with Tracy-Widom for β = 1, 2, 4
  23. Tracy-Widom for β > 0 The centered and scaled largest

    β-Hermite eigenvalue converges to the largest eigenvalue of the Stochastic Airy Operator. Ramírez, Rider, Virág (2006) For almost every sequence of Hermite tridiagonal matrices n1/6 λmax (Hβ) − 2 √ n −→ λmax (Hβ)
  24. Tracy-Widom for β > 0 The centered and scaled largest

    β-Hermite eigenvalue converges to the largest eigenvalue of the Stochastic Airy Operator. Ramírez, Rider, Virág (2006) For almost every sequence of Hermite tridiagonal matrices n1/6 λmax (Hβ) − 2 √ n −→ λmax (Hβ) Comments: Almost sure convergence
  25. Tracy-Widom for β > 0 The centered and scaled largest

    β-Hermite eigenvalue converges to the largest eigenvalue of the Stochastic Airy Operator. Ramírez, Rider, Virág (2006) For almost every sequence of Hermite tridiagonal matrices n1/6 λmax (Hβ) − 2 √ n −→ λmax (Hβ) Comments: Almost sure convergence Actually proved for the largest k eigenvalues
  26. Tracy-Widom for β > 0 The centered and scaled largest

    β-Hermite eigenvalue converges to the largest eigenvalue of the Stochastic Airy Operator. Ramírez, Rider, Virág (2006) For almost every sequence of Hermite tridiagonal matrices n1/6 λmax (Hβ) − 2 √ n −→ λmax (Hβ) Comments: Almost sure convergence Actually proved for the largest k eigenvalues Leads to a definition of the Tracy-Widom Law for all β > 0
  27. Variation Viewpoint Define an appropriate space, L∗, on which Hβ

    ”makes sense” L∗ := f : f (0) = 0, and ∞ 0 (f )2 + (1 + x)2f 2dx < ∞
  28. Variation Viewpoint Define an appropriate space, L∗, on which Hβ

    ”makes sense” L∗ := f : f (0) = 0, and ∞ 0 (f )2 + (1 + x)2f 2dx < ∞ Associate Hβ with the quadratic form ≺ φ, Hβ φ := ∞ 0 (φ (x))2dx + ∞ 0 xφ2(x) − 2 √ β ∞ 0 bx φ2(x)dx
  29. Variation Viewpoint Define an appropriate space, L∗, on which Hβ

    ”makes sense” L∗ := f : f (0) = 0, and ∞ 0 (f )2 + (1 + x)2f 2dx < ∞ Associate Hβ with the quadratic form ≺ φ, Hβ φ := ∞ 0 (φ (x))2dx + ∞ 0 xφ2(x) − 2 √ β ∞ 0 bx φ2(x)dx Characterize the eigenvalue problem in terms of a variational principle Λ0 := inf f ∈L∗ {≺ f , Hβ f : f (0) = 0 and f 2 = 1}
  30. Variation Viewpoint (continued) For the Hermite Tridiagonal, define the quadratic

    form v, v Hn := vT n2/3 1 √ n Hβ − 2In v Definition (Tracy-Widom Law for β > 0) TWβ = sup f ∈L∗ 2 √ β ∞ 0 f 2(x)db(x) − ∞ 0 (f (x))2 + xf 2(x) dx Consistant with prior definitions for β = 1, 2, 4
  31. Small Deviations: β-Hermite Ledoux, Rider (2010) For all n ≥

    1, 0 < ε ≤ 1 and β ≥ 1: P λmax(Hβ) ≥ 2 √ n(1 + ε)) ≤ Ce−βnε3/2/C , P λmax(Hβ) ≥ 2 √ n(1 + ε) ≥ C−βe−βnε3/2/C , and P λmax(Hβ) ≥ 2 √ n(1 − ε)) ≤ Ce−βn2ε3/C , P λmax(Hβ) ≥ 2 √ n(1 − ε) ≥ C−βe−βn2ε3/C , where each C is a numerical constant (can be different).
  32. Small Deviations: β-Laguerre Ledoux, Rider 2010 For all n ≥

    1, 0 < ε ≤ 1 and β ≥ 1: P λmax (Lβ ) ≥ ( √ κ + √ n)2(1 + ε)) ≤ Ce−β √ nκε3/2 1 √ ε ∧(κ n )1/4 /C , P λmax (Lβ ) ≥ ( √ κ + √ n)2(1 + ε) ≥ C−βe−β √ nκε3/2 1 √ ε ∧(κ n )1/4 /C , and P λmax (Lβ ) ≥ ( √ κ + √ n)2(1 − ε)) ≤ Cβe−βnκε3 1 ε ∧(κ n )1/2 /C , where each C is a numerical constant (can be different).
  33. β-Jacobi Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the β-Jacobi

    ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, λ2, . . . , λn ) = 1 Zβ,n j<k |λj − λk |β n k=1 λ β 2 a−1 k (1 − λk )β 2 b−1 When β = 1, 2 JOE and JUE are of type (A + B)−1B, where A and B are Wishart matrices.
  34. β-Jacobi Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the β-Jacobi

    ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, λ2, . . . , λn ) = 1 Zβ,n j<k |λj − λk |β n k=1 λ β 2 a−1 k (1 − λk )β 2 b−1 When β = 1, 2 JOE and JUE are of type (A + B)−1B, where A and B are Wishart matrices. Scaled largest eigenvalue converges to Tracy-Widom
  35. β-Jacobi Ensemble Definition For any β > 0, the β-Jacobi

    ensemble is the point-process on R defined by joint density function P(λ1, λ2, . . . , λn ) = 1 Zβ,n j<k |λj − λk |β n k=1 λ β 2 a−1 k (1 − λk )β 2 b−1 When β = 1, 2 JOE and JUE are of type (A + B)−1B, where A and B are Wishart matrices. Scaled largest eigenvalue converges to Tracy-Widom Wide range of applications in multivariate statistics principal components, canonical correlations, MANOVA
  36. Jacobi Tridiagonal The Jacobi Tridiagonal is given by Jβ,n,a,b =

    Bβ,n,a,b · BT β,n,a,b , where Bβ,n,a,b=             cn −sncn−1 cn−1sn−1 −sn−1cn−2 cn−2sn−2 ... ... −s2c1 c1s1             ci and ci independent with ci ∼ Beta(β 2 (an+i), β 2 (bn+i)) and c i ∼ Beta(β 2 i, β 2 (an+bn+1+i)) si = √ 1−c2 i and s i = √ 1−c 2 i
  37. Small Deviations Results Theorem (Right-Tail Upper Bound) For all n

    ≥ 1, 0 < ε ≤ 1, and β ≥ 1 P λmax (Jβ) ≥ γ √ n(1 + ε) ≤ Ce−β(a+b)nε3/2/C , where C is a numerical constant. Theorem (Left-Tail Upper Bound) For all n ≥ 1, 0 < ε ≤ 1, and β ≥ 1 P λmax (Jβ) ≤ γ √ n(1 − ε) ≤ Ce−β(a+b)n2ε3/C where C is a numerical constant.
  38. A Variance Bound Using both tail bounds we get the

    following bound on the variance of the largest eigenvalue eigenvalue of the β-Jacobi ensemble. Corollary For n ≥ 1 and β ≥ 1 Var [λmax(Jβ)] ≤ Cβn−1/3, where Cβ is a numerical constant. Sketch of Proof: Use Fubini’s Theorem to get Var[λmax(Jβ)]≤ γ2n ∞ 0 P(|λmax(Jβ)−γ √ n|≥γ √ nε)dε2. Use tail bounds for small ε.
  39. Bounding Jβ 1 Define a finite dimensional quadratic form 1

    √ n Jn (v) := v, v Jβ = vT [Jβ − γIn ] v 2 Bound Jn above and below by Jc (v) = n k=1 Zk v2 k + n k=1 Zk v2 k + 2 n−1 k=1 Yk vk vk+1 − c √ n n k=1 (vk+1 + vk )2 − c √ n n k=1 kv2 k , where Zk = √ n c2 n−k+1 s 2 n−k+1 − E[c2 n−k+1 ]E[s 2 n−k+1 ] , Zk = √ n s2 n−k+1 c 2 n−k − E[s2 n−k+1 ]E[c 2 n−k ] , Yk = √ n cn−k sn−k+1 cn−k sn−k − E[cn−k ]E[sn−k+1 ]E[cn−k sn−k ]
  40. Gaussian Estimates Need Gaussian bounds on Zk, Zk, and Yk

    of the form E[eλzk ] ≤ ecλ2/β(a+b) for some c > 0 and all λ ∈ R 1 Log-Sobelov inequality exists for the beta measure f log f dµ − f dµ log f dµ ≤ 2C | f |2dµ 2 Can apply Herbst argument to any Lipschitz function to get E eλF ≤ eCλ2 F 2 Lip /2 3 Problem: F(X) = √ X is not Lipshitz on [0, 1] 4 Fix: The beta measure is the invariant measure for a diffusion process that converges rapidly on [0, 1].
  41. Lower Bounds (Open Problem) Right-Tail involves choosing the right test

    vector Left-Tail seems much harder Hermite case used a Gaussian argument Leguerre case is open