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Cheating Your Way to Webscale
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Matt Robenolt
May 02, 2014
Programming
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Cheating Your Way to Webscale
Python Nordeste, May 2nd 2014
Matt Robenolt
May 02, 2014
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Transcript
Python Nordeste May 2nd 2014 Matt Robenolt Cheating Your Way
to #webscale
Hello < me irl
Lead Operations Engineer
Core Contributor
So what is #webscale?
10 million requests per second 4ms mean response time asynchronous
io mongodb
10 million requests per second 4ms mean response time asynchronous
io mongodb NOPE
Disqus only does 150 req/s per web server. * we
also write some bad code
150 12,960,000 388,800,000 per second per day per month real
world #webscale
Scale is about hiding the fact that your application is
actually really slow.
If your application feels fast, then it’s probably good enough.
Users hate waiting for shit.
So how do we do it?
Cheating 101
When a user asks for new data, let’s give them
old data instead.
When a user asks for new data, let’s give them
old data instead. Caching
When telling us to do something, let’s say we did
and maybe do it later.
When telling us to do something, let’s say we did
and maybe do it later. Queueing
Rule #1 Don’t get caught.
Rule #2 Don’t get caught.
Rule #3 Don’t get caught.
HTTP Caching
Introducing
tl;dr Varnish sits between your application and your users Internet
Let’s talk about HTTP. Hypertext Transport Protocol
$ curl -v disqus.com
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Request
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Method
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Path
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Version
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Headers
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Response
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Status
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 Headers
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 For 300 seconds, all users will get the same response without talking to our application.
> GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.24.0 > Host: disqus.com
> Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx < Date: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:38:37 GMT < Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 10453 < Last-Modified: Fri, 30 Aug 2013 00:32:14 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Expires: Fri, 02 May 2014 06:43:36 GMT < Cache-Control: public, max-age=300 With power comes great responsibility.
GET / INTERNET Varnish Web servers
GET / INTERNET Varnish Web servers CACHED! “Cache-Control: max-age=300”
GET / INTERNET Varnish Web servers
GET / INTERNET Varnish Web servers CACHED!
BUT WAIT… THERE’S MORE
COLLAPSING REQUEST
GET / INTERNET Varnish Web servers
INTERNET Varnish Web servers GET /
INTERNET Varnish Web servers GET / If multiple users request
the same object, Varnish makes one fetch and returns to all users.
Queueing
Do as little work as possible, and return a promise
that this work will be done.
INTERNET Web servers Task workers Slow/Fast Data store Queue POST
/foo
INTERNET Web servers Task workers Slow/Fast Data store Queue POST
/foo
INTERNET Web servers Task workers Slow/Fast Data store Queue POST
/foo Workers can rate limit, debounce, increment counters, generate a fast materialized view, etc.
INTERNET Web servers Task workers Slow/Fast Data store Queue POST
/foo Make sure your tasks finish before a user tries to read the data back.
Final Thoughts
Understand your application. Where can you cheat without disrupting user
experience? Is seeing a few seconds old data going to damage a product?
Cheating should only enhance user experience.
Cheat any way you can, just don’t get caught.
Django & Varnish & RabbitMQ & Celery & PostgreSQL &
Redis & Cassandra & Riak Thanks
Questions? I have answers. ^ github.com/mattrobenolt @mattrobenolt some