Using Responsive Images Responsibly: Performance & Accessibility

Transcript

1. David Newton, St. Michael’s Hospital 1 Using Responsive Images Responsibly:

   Performance & Accessibility: Accessibility Camp Toronto 2014 Twitter:!@newtron! Github:!@nwtn! Email:!! david@davidnewton.ca! ! Slides:! https://github.com/nwtn/pres-respimg-perf-a11yto

2. 2 Why performance? ! Why images?

3. 3 What is “accessibility”?

4. “ 4 ‘Disability’ means… any degree of physical disability, infirmity,

   malformation or disfigurement that is caused by bodily injury, birth defect or illness… —Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act

5. 5 Accessibility Deliver a great experience to all users, regardless

   of their ability.

6. “ 6 Following these guidelines will make content accessible to

   a wider range of people with disabilities, including blindness and low vision, deafness and hearing loss, learning disabilities, cognitive limitations, limited movement, speech disabilities, photosensitivity and combinations of these. Following these guidelines will also often make your Web content more usable to users in general. —Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0! (emphasis mine)

7. 7 Progressive enhancement

8. “ 8 The goal of Web design is not merely

   to dazzle, but to deliver information to the widest audience possible.! ! …Compromise should not come at the expense of the user, but rather in terms of the native capabilities of the user’s choice of device.…! ! Leave no one behind. —Steven Champeon, Inclusive Web Design for the Future! (emphasis mine)

9. 9 Progressive enhancement Deliver a great experience to all users,

   regardless of their browser’s ability.

10. 10 Responsive web design

11. “ 11 Rather than creating disconnected designs, each tailored to

    a particular device or browser, we should instead treat them as facets of the same experience. —Ethan Marcotte, Responsive Web Design! (emphasis mine)

12. 12 Responsive web design Deliver a great experience to all

    users, regardless of their viewing context.

13. 13 Web performance

14. “ 14 Many of us are fortunate to live in

    high bandwidth regions, but there are still large portions of the world that do not. By keeping your client side code small and lightweight, you can literally open your product up to new markets. —Chris Zacharias, Page Weight Matters! (emphasis mine)

15. 15 Web performance Deliver a great experience to all users,

    regardless of their connection.

16. 16 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

17. 17 Universal design Deliver a great experience to all users.

18. 17 Universal design Deliver a great experience to all users.

19. 18 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance Universal

    web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

20. 18 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance Universal

    web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

21. 18 Universal web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design

    Web performance

22. “ 19 Universal design is the design of products and

    environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. —Ronald L. Mace

23. 20 Why performance? ! Why images?

24. 21 63% of Americans used a phone to access the

    internet! 34% of Americans used a mobile device as their primary way to access the web

25. “ 22 More human beings today have access to a

    cellphone than…a clean toilet. –Anand Giridharadas, New York Times April 10 2010

26. “ 22 More human beings today have access to a

    cellphone than…a clean toilet. –Anand Giridharadas, New York Times April 10 2010

27. 23 — OpenSignal, Android Fragmentation Visualized (August 2014)

28. 24 —https://twitter.com/lukew/status/507880029737328640/photo/1

29. 25 img { max-width: 100%; }

30. 26

31. 27

32. 28 A solution: Serve one big image and let the

    browser scale it

33. 29

34. 30

35. 31 —HTTP Archive, September 15 2014 Stylesheets 56 KB HTML

    59 KB Flash 75 KB Other 141 KB Scripts 296 KB Images 1,194 KB Total 1,890 KB

36. 32

37. 33 2x resolution = 4x as many pixels! 3x resolution

    = 9x as many pixels! 4x resolution = 16x as many pixels

38. 34 more pixels = more energy! more pixels = more

    money! more pixels = more time

39. 35 — Dave Rupert , Mo’ Pixels, Mo’ Problems Caption

40. 36 Why performance? ! Why images?

41. 37 Responsive images

42. 38 A solution: Serve one big image and let the

    browser scale it

43. 39 A better solution: Serve an appropriate image to each

    user

44. 40

45. 41

46. 42

47. 43 SVG! WebP! JPEG XR

48. 44

49. 45 Using JavaScript is a bad idea.

50. 46 Using CSS is a bad idea.

51. 47 http://whatwg.org/html#the-picture-element Responsive images specification

52. 48 Firefox! (Gecko) Chrome/Opera! (Blink) Safari! (WebKit) Internet Explorer! (Trident)

    srcset (partial) N/A Chrome 34! Opera 21 Safari 8 N/A? srcset (full)! +! sizes Behind a flag: FF 32! On by default: FF 36? Behind a flag: C37, O24! On by default: C38, O25 Safari 8.1? 12? picture Behind a flag: FF 33! On by default: FF 36? Behind a flag: C37, O24! On by default: C38, O25 Safari 8.1? 12?

53. 49 https://github.com/scottjehl/picturefill Picturefill by Scott Jehl http://filamentgroup.com/lab/to-picturefill.html To Picturefill, or

    not to Picturefill

54. 50 Resolution switching Markup

55. 50 Resolution switching Markup

56. 51 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" />

57. 52 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

58. 53 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

59. 54 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

60. 55 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

61. 56 <img src="wolf600.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

62. 57 <img src="wolf600.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" srcset="wolf300.jpg 0.5x, wolf600.jpg 1x,

    wolf1200.jpg 2x, wolf2400.jpg 3x, wolf4800.jpg 4x" />

63. 58 Viewport (and resolution!) switching Markup

64. 59 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" />

65. 60 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

66. 61 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

67. 62 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

68. 63 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

69. 64 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

70. 65 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

71. 66 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="600px" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

72. 67 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="calc(100vw - 10em)" srcset="wolf300.jpg

    300w, wolf600.jpg 600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

73. 68 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes=“100%" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

74. 69 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg

    600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

75. 70

76. 71 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 33vw, (min-width:

    600px) 50vw, 100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg 600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

77. 72 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 33vw, (min-width:

    600px) 50vw, 100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg 600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

78. 73 File type switching Markup

79. 74 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" />

80. 75 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad

    wolf" /> </picture>

81. 76 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad

    wolf" /> </picture>

82. 77 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad

    wolf" /> </picture>

83. 78 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad

    wolf" /> </picture>

84. 79 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <source type="image/vnd.ms-photo" srcset="wolf4800.jxr" />

    <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

85. 80 <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="wolf4800.webp" /> <source type="image/vnd.ms-photo" srcset="wolf4800.jxr" />

    <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

86. 81 Art direction Markup

87. 82 —Adventure Time

88. 83

89. 84

90. 85 <img src="wolf4800.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" />

91. 86 <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcset="wolf-crop-bg.jpg" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)"

    srcset="wolf-crop-sm.jpg" /> <img src="wolf.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

92. 87 <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcset="wolf-crop-bg.jpg" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)"

    srcset="wolf-crop-sm.jpg" /> <img src="wolf.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

93. 88 <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcset="wolf-crop-bg.jpg" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)"

    srcset="wolf-crop-sm.jpg" /> <img src="wolf.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

94. 89 <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcset="wolf-crop-bg.jpg" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)"

    srcset="wolf-crop-sm.jpg" /> <img src="wolf.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

95. 90 <picture> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcset="wolf-crop-bg.jpg" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)"

    srcset="wolf-crop-sm.jpg" /> <img src="wolf.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture>

96. 91 All the things! Markup a.k.a. the scary slide

97. 91 All the things! Markup a.k.a. the scary slide

98. 92 <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 1000px)" sizes="33vw" srcset="wolf-crop-big-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-big-600.jpg

    600w, wolf-crop-big-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-big-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-big-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 600px)" sizes="50vw" srcset="wolf-crop-small-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-small-600.jpg 600w, wolf-crop-small-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-small-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-small-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <source type="image/webp" sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf-crop-med-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-med-600.jpg 600w, wolf-crop-med-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-med-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-med-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <source media="(min-width: 1000px)" sizes="33vw" srcset="wolf-crop-big-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-big-600.jpg 600w, wolf-crop-big-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-big-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-big-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <source media="(min-width: 600px)" sizes="50vw" srcset="wolf-crop-small-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-small-600.jpg 600w, wolf-crop-small-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-small-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-small-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <source sizes="100vw" srcset="wolf-crop-med-300.jpg 300w, wolf-crop-med-600.jpg 600w, wolf-crop-med-1200.jpg 1200w, wolf-crop-med-2400.jpg 2400w, wolf-crop-med-4800.jpg 4800w" /> <img src="wolf-crop-med-600.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" /> </picture> !

99. 93 <img src="wolf600.jpg" alt="A rad wolf" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 33vw, (min-width:

    600px) 50vw, 100vw" srcset="wolf300.jpg 300w, wolf600.jpg 600w, wolf1200.jpg 1200w, wolf2400.jpg 2400w, wolf4800.jpg 4800w" />

100. 94 http://whatwg.org/html#the-picture-element Responsive images specification

101. 95 Responsible images

102. 96 1. Responsive images! ! ! ! ! !

103. 97 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! ! ! !

     !

104. 98 https://imageoptim.com/ ImageOptim http://jamiemason.github.io/ImageOptim-CLI/ ImageOptim-CLI https://github.com/svg/svgo-gui SVGO-GUI https://github.com/svg/svgo SVGO

105. 99 SetOutputFilter DEFLATE AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE "image/svg+xml" Note: Apache is confusing

     and I’m not guaranteeing this will work.

106. 100 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! 3. Deferred image

     loading! ! ! !

107. 101

108. 102

109. 103 http://www.w3.org/TR/resource-priorities/ Resource Priorities https://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2014-August/297533.html Preloading and deferred loading of

     scripts and other resources

110. 104 http://css-tricks.com/snippets/javascript/lazy-loading-images/ LazyLoad JS scripts and plugins, e.g.:

111. 105 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! 3. Deferred image

     loading! 4. Caching & CDNs! ! !

112. 106 ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/gif

     "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 year" Note: Apache is confusing and I’m not guaranteeing this will work.

113. 107 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! 3. Deferred image

     loading! 4. Caching & CDNs! 5. Appropriate contrast and colour! !

114. 108 7% 8% 10% 11% 29% 35% April May June

     July August September

115. 109 7% 8% 10% 11% 29% 35% April May June

     July August September

116. 110

117. 111 http://colororacle.org/ Color Oracle

118. 112 September! 7% August! 8% July! 10% June! 11% May!

     29% April! 35%

119. 113 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! 3. Deferred image

     loading! 4. Caching & CDNs! 5. Appropriate contrast and colour! 6. Text-based alternatives!

120. 114 [alt]! [aria-describedby], [aria-labelledby]! [longdesc]! <a>! <figcaption>! SVG elements and

     attributes

121. 115 http://www.w3.org/TR/html-alt-techniques/ HTML5: Techniques for providing useful text alternatives http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/wiki/Using_aria-describedby_to_provide_descriptions_of_images

     Using aria-describedby to provide descriptions of images http://w3c.github.io/test-results/html-longdesc/cr-report.html longdesc Implementation Report http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/2013/12/using-aria-enhance-svg-accessibility/ Using ARIA to enhance SVG accessibility http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/wiki/Using_aria-labelledby_to_provide_a_text_alternative_for_non- text_content Using aria-labelledby to provide a text alternative for non-text content

122. 116 1. Responsive images! 2. Image optimization! 3. Deferred image

     loading! 4. Caching & CDNs! 5. Appropriate contrast and colour! 6. Text-based alternatives! 7. Fewer images!

123. 117 Performance impact

124. 118

125. 119

126. 120 Unoptimized Optimized + Responsive Optimized + Responsive + Lazyload

     CSS 1 KB 1 KB 1 KB HTML 2 KB 3 KB 3 KB Scripts 29 KB 33 KB 33 KB Images 661 KB 253 KB 87 KB Total 693 KB 290 KB! (~58% savings) 119 KB! (~83% savings)

127. 121 Browser Unoptimized Optimized + Responsive + Lazyload Firefox (Desktop)

     2.2 s 2.0 s Safari (iOS) 2.1 s 1.7 s Average 2.2 s 1.9 s! (~14% savings)

128. 122

129. 123 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

130. David Newton, St. Michael’s Hospital 124 Using Responsive Images Responsibly:

     Performance & Accessibility: Accessibility Camp Toronto 2014 Twitter:!@newtron! Github:!@nwtn! Email:!! david@davidnewton.ca! ! Slides:! https://github.com/nwtn/pres-respimg-perf-a11yto