Zerochain: A privacy-protecting layer on top of Substrate

1. ;FSPDIBJO 0TVLF
   4VEP
   
   !
   -BZFS9
   *OD
   
   
   
   
   
   +VM
   
2. ;FSPDIBJO
   
   B
   QSJWBDZQSPUFDUJOH
   CMPDLDIBJO w 0O
   UPQ
   PG
   4VCTUSBUF
   w 1SPWJEJOH
   TPNF
   TVCTUSBUF
   NPEVMFT
   BOE
   UPPMLJUT
   GPS
   QSPUFDUJOH
   TFOTJUJWF
   EBUB
   TUPSFE
   PODIBJO
3. 1SJWBDZ
   JO
   ;FSPDIBJO w 5IF
   pSTU
   HPBM
   PG
   ;FSPDIBJO
   JT
   QSPWJEJOH
   TFDVSF
   BOE
   F⒏DJFOU
   QSJWBDZQSPUFDUJOH
   BTTFUT
   QSPUPDPM
   w 5SBOTGFSSFE
   BNPVOUT
   FBDI
   BDDPVOU
   CBMBODF
   BOE
   JEFOUJUJFT
   PG
   TFOEFS
   BOE
   SFDJQJFOU
   BSF
   QSJWBUF
4. ;FSPDIBJO
   PWFSWJFX 1SJWBDZPSJFOUFE
   BQQMJDBUJPOT
   
   
   DPOpEFOUJBMBOPOZNPVT
   QBZNFOU
   FUDʜ
   ;FSPDIBJO ;FUIFS [L4OBSLT 4VCTUSBUF
5. 4VCTUSBUF w "
   CBTJT
   CMPDLDIBJO
   QMBUGPSN
   EFWFMPQFE
   CZ
   1BSJUZ
   w 8F
   DBO
   CVJME
   BQQMJDBUJPO
   TQFDJpD
   NPEVMFT
   PO
   UPQ
   PG
   JU %BUBCTF 4VCTUSBUF 11
   
   OFUXPSLJOH $POTFOTVT 5Y
   RVFVF ɾɾɾ
6. 4VCTUSBUF
   NPEVMFT
   BOE
   SVOUJNF
7. ;FUIFS w ;FUIFS
   JT
   BO
   F⒏DJFOU and
   GVMMZEFDFOUSBMJ[FE,
   DPOpEFOUJBM
   QBZNFOU
   NFDIBOJTN
   UIBU
   JT
   DPNQBUJCMF
   XJUI
   TNBSU
   DPOUSBDU
   QMBUGPSNT
   w )PNPNPSQIJD
   FODSZQUJPO
   TDIFNF
   IJEFT
   USBOTGFSSFE
   BNPVOUT
   BOE
   BDDPVOU
   CBMBODFT
   w "O
   BDDPVOUCBTFE
   BQQSPBDI
   GPS
   F⒏DJFODZ
   BOE
   VTBCJMJUZ
   w "WPJEJOH
   6590
   BDDVNVMBUJPO
   w ;FSPDIBJO
   VTFT
   [L4/"3,T
   JOTUFBE
   PG
   4JHNBCVMMFUT
   w 5IF
   TUBUFNFOUT
   JO
   [L4/"3,T
   BSF
   CBTFE
   PO
   ;FUIFS
   QSPUPDPM w #FOFEJLU
   #„VO[
   4IBTIBOL
   "HSBXBM
   .BIEJ
   ;BNBOJ
   BOE
   %BO
   #POFI
8. $POpEFOUJBM
   QBZNFOU
   "DDPVOUCBTFE
   IPNPNPSQIJD
   FODSZQUJPO
   TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
   
    PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
   
    "MJDF
   TFOET
   
   FODSZQZFE
   
   DPJOT
   UP
   #PC
9. $POpEFOUJBM
   QBZNFOU
   "DDPVOUCBTFE
   IPNPNPSQIJD
   FODSZQUJPO
   TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
   
    PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
   
    -JGUFE&MHBNBM
   
   FODSZQUJPO &OD  &OD  "MJDF
   TFOET
   
   FODSZQZFE
   
   DPJOT
   UP
   #PC
10. $POpEFOUJBM
    QBZNFOU
    "DDPVOUCBTFE
    IPNPNPSQIJD
    FODSZQUJPO
    TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
    
     PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
    
     -JGUFE&MHBNBM
    
    FODSZQUJPO &OD  &OD  &OD  &OD  Š &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU 5Y "MJDF
    TFOET
    
    FODSZQZFE
    
    DPJOT
    UP
    #PC
11. $POpEFOUJBM
    QBZNFOU
    "DDPVOUCBTFE
    IPNPNPSQIJD
    FODSZQUJPO
    TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
    
     PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
    
     -JGUFE&MHBNBM
    
    FODSZQUJPO &OD  &OD   &OD   &OD  6QEBUFE
    CBMBODF &OD  &OD  Š &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU 5Y "MJDF
    TFOET
    
    FODSZQZFE
    
    DPJOT
    UP
    #PC
12. $POpEFOUJBM
    QBZNFOU
    "DDPVOUCBTFE
    IPNPNPSQIJD
    FODSZQUJPO
    TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
    
     PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
    
     -JGUFE&MHBNBM
    
    FODSZQUJPO &OD  &OD   &OD   &OD  6QEBUFE
    CBMBODF &OD  &OD  Š &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU 5Y "MJDF
    TFOET
    
    FODSZQZFE
    
    DPJOT
    UP
    #PC %FDSZQUJPO 
    DPJOT
13. $POpEFOUJBM
    QBZNFOU
    "DDPVOUCBTFE
    IPNPNPSQIJD
    FODSZQUJPO
    TDIFNF "EESFTT@BMJDF
    
     PODIBJO "EESFTT@CPC
    
     -JGUFE&MHBNBM
    
    FODSZQUJPO &OD  &OD   &OD   &OD  6QEBUFE
    CBMBODF &OD  &OD  Š &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU 5Y "MJDF
    TFOET
    
    FODSZQZFE
    
    DPJOT
    UP
    #PC %FDSZQUJPO 
    DPJOT
14. 7FSJpDBUJPO
    QBSU YCEFDCECDBCFDDEFBFFFDGDBCGD
 FCDDGBBDECCDEGDGFFBGFCBDBGDFEGDFEE &OD  
    CZUFT
15. 7FSJpDBUJPO
    QBSU YCEFDCECDBCFDDEFBFFFDGDBCGD
 FCDDGBBDECCDEGDGFFBGFCBDBGDFEGDFEE &OD  
    CZUFT • A transferred amount is within a valid range. (Not negative) • Sender has enough balance. • It is encrypted by a correct encryption key • … [L4/"3,T
16. [L4/"3,T
    <(SPUI> 1SPWFS 7FSJpFS PODIBJO QSPPG '
    GVODUJPO
    Y
    QSJWBUF
    JOQVU
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU '
    GVODUJPO
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU ' Y
    
    Z
17. [L4/"3,T
    <(SPUI> 1SPWFS 7FSJpFS PODIBJO QSPPG '
    GVODUJPO
    Y
    QSJWBUF
    JOQVU
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU '
    GVODUJPO
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU ' Y
    
    Z "NPVOU
    JT
    OPU
    PWFSqPX
    "NPVOU
    &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU
18. [L4/"3,T
    <(SPUI> QL WL 4FUVQ '
    GVODUJPO 1SPWFS 7FSJpFS PODIBJO QSPPG '
    GVODUJPO
    Y
    QSJWBUF
    JOQVU
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU '
    GVODUJPO
    Z
    QVCMJD
    JOQVU ' Y
    
    Z "NPVOU
    JT
    OPU
    PWFSqPX
    "NPVOU
    &ODSZQUFE
    BNPVOU
19. 8IZ
    [L4/"3,T w 4JHOJpDBOUMZ
    TNBMM
    QSPPGT
    BOE
    F⒏DJFOU
    WFSJpDBUJPO
    w (SFBU
    DPNNVOJUZ
    BXTPNF
    UPPMDIBJOT
    EFWFMPQFE
    CZ
    ;DBTI
    w %PXOTJEF
    JT
    USVTUFE
    TFUVQ
    w 4PMVUJPOT
    
    w .1$
    [DBTI
    w 6OJWBSTBM
    BOE
    VQEBUBCMF
    434
    40/*$
20. ;FSPDIBJO
    QSPUPDPM w )ZCSJE
    TPMVUJPOT
    w ;FUIFS
    )JHIMFWFM
    QSJWBDZ
    TDIFNF
    XIJDI
    UBLFT
    BO
    BDDPVOUCBTFE
    BQQSPBDI
    w ;DBTI
    UPPMDIBJO
    #BTJT
    ;FSPLOPXMFEHF
    QSPWJOH
    TZTUFNT
    w 4VCTUSBUF
    $PSF
    CMPDLDIBJO
    MBZFS
    XIJDI
    QSPWJEFT
    11
    OFUXPSLJOH
    EBUBCBTF
    DPOTFOTVT
    FOHJOF
    FUD
21. "VEJUBCJMJUZ w 'PS
    SFBM
    XPSME
    VTBHF
    BVEJUBCJMJUZ
    JT
    BO
    JNQPSUBOU
    BTQFDU
    w 1SPUFDUJOH
    GSPN
    UIJOHT
    MJLF
    ".-
    w "QQSPQSJBUF
    FOUJUJFT
    BSF
    TVQQPTFE
    UP
    BVEJU
    DFSUBJO
    VTFS`T
    NPOFZ
    qPXT
    JO
    TPNF
    pOBODJBM
    VTF
    DBTFT
22. ,FZ
    DPNQPOFOUT
    GPS
    BVEJUBCJMJUZ 3FSBOEPNJ[FE
    TJHOJOH
    LFZ 3FSBOEPNJ[FE
    WFSJGZJOH
    LFZ 4QFOEJOH
    LFZ 1SPPG
    HFOFSBUJPO
    LFZ %FDSZQUJPO
    LFZ &ODSZQUJPO
    LFZ 1SJWBUF
    LFZ 1VCMJD
    LFZ SBOEPNJ[F SBOEPNJ[F
23. ,FZ
    DPNQPOFOUT
    GPS
    BVEJUBCJMJUZ 3FSBOEPNJ[FE
    TJHOJOH
    LFZ 3FSBOEPNJ[FE
    WFSJGZJOH
    LFZ 4QFOEJOH
    LFZ 1SPPG
    HFOFSBUJPO
    LFZ %FDSZQUJPO
    LFZ &ODSZQUJPO
    LFZ 1SJWBUF
    LFZ 1VCMJD
    LFZ SBOEPNJ[F SBOEPNJ[F
24. $VSSFOU
    TUBUVT
    PG
    ;FSPDIBJO w IUUQTHJUIVCDPN-BZFS9DPN[FSPDIBJO
    w 0QFO
    TPVSDF
    w *NQMFNFOUFE
    JO
    3VTU
25. $VSSFOU
    TUBUVT
    PG
    ;FSPDIBJO w 4VQQPSUFE
    CZ
    8FC
    GPVOEBUJPO
    HSBOU
    QSPHSBN
    w "MQIBWFS
    JT
    XPSLJOH
    w 6OEFSEFWFMPQNFOU
    GPS
    QSPEVDUJPO
    SFBEZ
    w (FUUJOH
    TFDVSJUZ
    SFWJFXT
    NPSF
    PQUJNJ[BUJPO
    BOE
    NBLJOH
    EPDVNFOUBUJPOTʜ
26. ;'BDF w "O
    JOUFSGBDF
    GPS
    JOUFSBDUJOH
    XJUI
    ;FSPDIBJO
    w -PX
    MFWFM
    XBMMFU
    GFBUVSFT
    BOE
    DSZQUPHSBQIJD
    UPPMT
    w $PNNBOEMJOF
    VUJMJUJFT
    QPXFSFE
    CZ
    ;'BDF
    JT
    BWBJMBCMF
    OPX
27. 'VUVSF
    XPSLT w "EEJOH
    JOUFSBTUJOH
    GBODUJPOBMJUJFT
    
    w QSJWBDZ
    NJOUCVSO
    BUPNJD
    FYDIBOHFT
    NVMUJTJHOBUVSFʜ
    w #FJOH
    DPNQBUJCMF
    XJUI
    B
    NPEVMF
    GPS
    6590CBTFE
    QSJWBUF
    DPNQVUBUJPOT
    FY
    ;&9& 
    w *NQMFNFOUJOH
    B
    UPZ
    4POJD
    w IUUQTHJUIVCDPN-BZFS9DPNMYTPOJD
28. 5IBOL
    ZPV