ANTI NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND ITS EFFECT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM

The anti nutritional factors present in food / feeds and their effects on immune syatem is discussed

Transcript

1. Antinutritional factors and it’s effects on Immune system CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES EDUCATION (Deemed University) Indian Council of Agricultural Research Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Mumbai – 400 061 Dr Kurcheti Pani Prasad Principal Scientist Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
2.  Anti-nutritional factors (ANF) are compounds which act to reduce nutrient utilization and or food intake (Osagie, 1998).  These antinutritional factors play a great role in limiting the wider use of many plants.  Natural compounds capable of precipitating deleterious effects in man and animals (Osagie, 1998). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
3. • The levels of toxic substances in plants vary with the species of plant, cultivar and post-harvest treatment such as soaking, drying, autoclaving and seed germination. • These anti-nutritional factors are also known as ‘secondary metabolites’ in plants and they have been shown to be highly biologically active (Zank, 1991). • Antinutritional factors can have adverse effects over the health of the consuming organism. • Consuming improperly processed foods especially legumes which are reported to contain very high concentrations of anti- nutritional factors can cause adverse health effects. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
4.  There are reports from time to time of deaths after consumption of some type of beans despite cooking and also reports of renal and liver failure.  There is a wide distribution of biologically-active constituents throughout the plant kingdom, particularly in plants used as animal feeding stuff and in human nutrition.  Some of these plant chemicals have been shown to be deleterious to health or evidently advantageous to human and animal health if consumed in appropriate amounts after adequate processing. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
5.  Plants contain starch polysaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Some of these polysaccharides are antinutritional factors.  Starch is made up of glucose molecules connected together by α-glycosidic linkage and these are easily broken by endogenous enzymes in birds and mammals.  All other glycosidic bonds are resistant to endogenous digestive enzymes of animals, however, they can be digested by microbe-derived enzymes. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
6. • NSPs contain sugars other than glucose and have linkages other than the α-linkages common in sugar. An example of an NSP is cellulose and they have ß-links and this difference in orientation makes them resistant to digestion by endogenous digestive enzymes of animals. • Plants also contain anti- nutrients acquired from fertilizer and pesticides and several naturally-occurring chemicals. • Some of these chemicals are known as ‘‘secondary metabolites’’ and they have been shown to be highly biologically active. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
7.  They include saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, trypsin (protease) inhibitors, oxalates, phytates, haemagluttinins (lectins), cyanogenic glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins and gossypol.  These NSPs and Secondary metabolites adversely affect digestion in animals consuming them. Soluble NSPs affect the viscosity of the material in the digestive tract, which in turn, affects the ability of the digestive enzymes to reach their target.  Absorption of any released nutrients is also reduced. This reduction in nutrient absorption results in reduced feed efficiency. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
8. Example for ANFs in Soyabeans :- Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
9. They are broadly classified into four groups :- Factors affecting protein utilisation and digestion, such as protease inhibitors, tannins, lectins, Factors affecting mineral utilisation, which include phytates, gossypol pigments, oxalates, glucosinolates, Antivitamins, Miscellaneous substances such as mycotoxins, mimosine, cyanogens, nitrate, alkaloids, photosensitizing agents, phytoestrogens and saponins. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
10. • Also be classified according to their ability to withstand thermal processing:- • Heat labile factors include protease inhibitors, phytates, lectins, goitrogens and antivitamins. • Heat stable factors are represented by saponins, non-starch polysaccharides, antigenic proteins, estrogens and some phenolic compounds. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
11. 1. Saponins :- Used as flavourings in food and foam producing agents; antioxidants for food use and in the production of spray dried powders of Vitamin E for the enrichment of foods and beverages. 2. Flavonoids: - Used in food processing industry to inhibit heat or chemical initiated lipid peroxidation as well as chelating metallic and superoxide ions. 3. Flavones and leucoanthocyanidins :- Impart very pleasant flavours in foods after processing and also impart a bitter taste in many soft drinks and bitter lemon brands. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
12.  Aquaculture has become the fastest growing food production sector of the world, with an average annual increase of about 10%.  To sustain such high rates of increase in aquaculture production, a matching increase in the levels of production of fish feed is required.  Aqua feed production is currently one of the fastest expanding agricultural industries of the world, with annual growth rates in excess of 30% per year. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
13. • Fish meal and fish-oil are mainly used as the feed for aquatic animals, but fish meal production requires raw materials either from capture fisheries or aquaculture production. So the aquafeed industries are turning towards alternative protein sources from plants for feeding the fishes. • Most of the potential, alternative, plant-derived nutrient sources are known to contain a wide variety of antinutritional substances. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
14. Important antinutrients present in some commonly used alternative fish feed ingredients :- 1. Soybean meal - Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytic acid, saponins, phytoestrogens, antivitamins, allergens 2. Rapeseed meal - Protease inhibitors, glucosinolates, phytic acid, tannins 3. Lupin seed meal - Protease inhibitors, saponins, phytoestrogens, alkaloids 4. Pea seed meal - Protease inhibitors, lectins, tannins, cyanogens, phytic acid, saponins, antivitamins 5. Sunflower oil cake - Protease inhibitors, saponins, arginase inhibitor 6. Cottonseed meal- Phytic acid, phytoestrogens, gossypol, antivitamins, cyclopropenoic acid 7. Mustard oil cake - Glucosinolates, tannins 8. Sesame meal - Phytic acid, protease inhibitors Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
15. 1) Soybean meal – Fishes showed decreased growth performance and reduced amino acid absorption rate ( Dabrowski et al.,1989) and abnormal intestinal morphology in Atlantic salmon (van den Ingh., 1991). 2) Lupin seed meal – Fishes showed lipid deposition in the liver and growth performance depression by 50% ( Burel et al., 1998). 3) Rapeseed meal – Rainbow trout fed with rapeseed meal showed significantly lower growth rate but higher protein efficiency ratio (Gomes et al., 1993). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
16. • Cottonseed meal – Studies in Tilapia showed decrease in growth rate at all levels (Ofojekwu et al., 1984). • Sunflower meal – No significant difference in weight gain and growth rate (Sanz et al., 1994). • Cassava or rice meal – In carps, showed greater weight gain, better food utilisation and protein sparing (Ufodike and Matty, 1983). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
17.  Energy and nutrients consumed with food are essential for maintaining optimal immune function. Without adequate nutrition, the immune system is deprived of the resources that are needed to defend the host against bacteria, viruses and parasites.  Studies on the effects of ANFs over fish immune system are limited. ANF’s present in alternative fish feed ingredients have shown some effects over the immune system of fishes Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
18. • Soy protein concentrate diet have shown altered expression of immune genes in mid intestine (most genes upregulated, some downregulated), liver (most genes downregulated) and skeletal muscle (most genes downregulated), indicating both local and systemic immune responses to SPC (Tacchi et al., 2012). • Combination of pea protein concentrate and soya- saponin induced gut inflammation and altered expression of immune genes i.e upregulation of cytokines, NFkB and TNF-alpha related genes and regulators of T-cell function, coupled with down- regulation of IFN-axis (Kortner et al., 2012). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
19.  Soybean meal diet induced gut inflammation at histological level and increased expression of immune-related genes, including GTPase IMAP family members, NF-kB-related genes and regulators of T cell and B cell function, indicating a rapid onset of disease (Sahlmann et al., 2013).  Rapeseed meal have shown larger effects on immune gene expression with majority of genes related to processes of both innate and adaptive immunity upregulated, apart from T cell and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptors that were downregulated (Morais et al., 2011). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
20.  Fishes fed with a high concentration of soyfeed diet have shown an immunological tolerance induction and also immunosuppression. Suppression of non-specific immune capacity was also apparent. (Burrells et al., 1999).  Dietary manipulation by bioprocessed soymeal feed showed a significant decrease in the spontaneous macrophage killing activity and also decrease in respiratory burst activity (Kokou et al., 2012). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
21. • Use of alginate in Atlantic salmon have shown increased values of different non-specific immune mechanisms, which have been interpreted as inflammatory/hypersensitivity or immunostimulating effects (Gabrielsen and Austreng, 1998). • Bean protein feed have shown induced gut inflammation at histological level and altered pathways associated with inflammatory and immune responses, suggesting ongoing disease (Krol et al. 2016). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
22.  In Atlantic salmon, soybean meal produced a decrease in mucosal enzymes, which were coincidental with an impaired feed conversion (Krogdahl et al., 2003).  Partial replacement of fishmeal with rapeseed meal have shown no effect on serum lysozyme and total peroxide but fishes showed less tolerance to oxidative stress. (Dossou et al., 2018). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
23. • Atlantic salmon fed with glucosinolates showed decreased lice infection, increased expression of IFN related genes prior to infection and induced higher expression profiles of Type 1 immune genes late into the infection (Jodaa Holm et al., 2016). • Increased number of IgM cells were found in fishes fed with saponins and phytosterols similar to other fishes exposed to antigenic proteins (Couto et al., 2015). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
24.  Emire, S.A., Jha, Y.K. and Mekam, F., 2013. Role of anti-nutritional factors in food industry. Beverage and Food World, 1, pp.23-28.  Francis, G., Makkar, H.P. and Becker, K., 2001. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), pp.197-227.  Gilani, G.S., Cockell, K.A. and Sepehr, E., 2005. Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. Journal of AOAC International, 88(3), pp.967-987.  Soetan, K.O., 2008. Pharmacological and other beneficial effects of antinutritional factors in plants-A review. African journal of Biotechnology, 7(25). Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
25.  Gilani, G.S., Xiao, C.W. and Cockell, K.A., 2012. Impact of antinutritional factors in food proteins on the digestibility of protein and the bioavailability of amino acids and on protein quality. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(S2), pp.S315-S332.  Martin, S.A. and Król, E., 2017. Nutrigenomics and immune function in fish: new insights from omics technologies. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 75, pp.86-98.  Batista, S., Ozorio, R.O., Kollias, S., Dhanasiri, A.K., Lokesh, J., Kiron, V., Valente, L.M. and Fernandes, J.M., 2016. Changes in intestinal microbiota, immune-and stress-related transcript levels in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) fed plant ingredient diets intercropped with probiotics or immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 458, pp.149-157.  Dossou, S., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Dawood, M.A., El Basuini, M.F., El-Hais, A.M. and Olivier, A., 2018. Effect of partial replacement of fish meal by fermented rapeseed meal on growth, immune response and oxidative condition of red sea bream juvenile, Pagrus major. Aquaculture. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
26.  Couto, A., Kortner, T.M., Penn, M., Bakke, A.M., Krogdahl, Å. and Oliva‐Teles, A., 2015. Dietary saponins and phytosterols do not affect growth, intestinal morphology and immune response of on‐growing European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture nutrition, 21(6), pp.970-982.  Estruch, G., Collado, M.C., Peñaranda, D.S., Vidal, A.T., Cerdá, M.J., Martínez, G.P. and Martinez-Llorens, S., 2015. Impact of fishmeal replacement in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) on the gastrointestinal microbiota determined by pyrosequencing the 16S rRNA gene. PLoS One, 10(8), p.e0136389.  Kiron, V., Puangkaew, J., Ishizaka, K., Satoh, S. and Watanabe, T., 2004. Antioxidant status and nonspecific immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed two levels of vitamin E along with three lipid sources. Aquaculture, 234(1-4), pp.361-379.  Burrells, C., Williams, P.D., Southgate, P.J., Crampton, V.O., 1999. Immunological, physiological and pathological responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to increasing dietary concentrations of soybean proteins. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72, 277 – 288. Pani Prasad Kurcheti, CIFE, Mumbai
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