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PyConZA 2012: "Fractal Architectures" by Laurens Van Houtven

Pycon ZA
October 05, 2012

PyConZA 2012: "Fractal Architectures" by Laurens Van Houtven

An alternative take on the traditional layered service architecture.

Traditional service architecture wisdom generally tells us to build services like this:

Load balancer in front
Web servers, preferably stateless
Database (with a caching layer)
That works great for a wide variety of use cases. The point of this talk isn't to deprecate that design, but to discuss a radically different one.

The design I will present in this talk is one consisting of recurring, identical components. It localizes state to individual application servers and persists it to durable stores later. It aims to be easier to scale horizontally: that is, enabling you to increase throughput by simply adding more machines to the homogenous cluster.

I will talk about its benefits, such as performance and how it fits in well with many cloud providers' services, but also its downsides, such as the inherent complexities of distributed systems. I analyze these qualities to come to a conclusion about which kinds of project this design is suitable or not suitable for.

In this talk I will discuss both the abstract concepts and the practical implementation that I have built using Twisted and Axiom (a simple object database on top of SQLite 3), which is currently running in production. Although I will touch on the practical implementation, the talk should still be useful for anyone wanting to implement a similar idea using different tools.

Pycon ZA

October 05, 2012
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  1. Fractal Architectures
    @lvh
    Friday, October 12, 2012

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  2. $ whoami
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  3. @lvh, [email protected]
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  4. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  5. #python
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  6. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  7. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  8. Architectures
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  9. Load Balancing
    Application Servers
    Cache
    Database
    Services
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  10. LB
    App
    DB
    App App App
    DB
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  11. !
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  12. DB
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  13. DB
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  14. DB
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  15. DB
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  16. DB
    $ $$
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  17. App
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  18. +
    Queue
    Workers
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  19. LB
    App
    DB
    App App App
    DB
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  20. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  27. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  28. app
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  29. user
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  30. thing
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  31. k n⋅k
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  32. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  33. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  34. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  35. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  36. Restrictions
    Creativity
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  37. Restrictions
    Strength
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  38. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  39. !
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  40. !
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  51. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  52. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  53. SMTP
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  54. import this
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  55. Special cases aren't
    special enough
    to break the rules.
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  56. Although practicality
    beats purity.
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  57. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  60. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  61. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  62. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  63. Axiom
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  64. Simple
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  65. T O
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  66. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  67. in-memory
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  68. Sophisticated
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  69. v1
    (schema)
    v2
    (schema)
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  70. v1
    x (reference)
    v2
    x (reference)
    y (integer)
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  71. v1
    x (reference)
    y (text)
    v2
    x (reference)
    y (text)
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  72. A, vx
    ...
    A, vx+1
    ...
    B, v1
    ...
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  73. A, vx
    ...
    B, vy
    ...
    C, vz
    ...
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  74. ConstraintError: attribute
    [I.t = text()] must be
    (unicode string without NULL
    bytes); not 'str'
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  75. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  76. +
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  77. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  78. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  79. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  80. !
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  81. Alternatives
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  82. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  84. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  85. Longer term storage
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  86. Why?
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  87. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  88. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  89. Server A Server B
    Long Term Storage
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  90. Server A Server B
    Long Term Storage
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  91. Server A Server B
    Long Term Storage
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  92. Options?
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  93. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  94. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  95. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  96. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  97. manhole
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  98. Anything will work
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  99. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  100. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  106. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  107. Two ways to
    better performance
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  108. Do less work
    or
    Do it faster
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  109. 1E+00
    1E+01
    1E+02
    1E+03
    1E+04
    1E+05
    1E+06
    1E+07
    1E+08
    1E+09
    L1 L2 RAM SSD LAN HD CA-NL
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  110. Local
    Low latency
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  111. Query latency
    vs.
    Access latency
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  112. (Almost) never
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  113. vs
    Remote Local
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  114. vs
    Remote
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  115. .
    .
    .
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  116. .
    .
    .
    {
    #
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  117. Generalizations are
    always wrong, but...
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  118. Computation is only
    rarely the bottleneck
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  119. Data in the right place
    at the right time is
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  120. pip install axiombench
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  121. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  122. Some of my data
    doesn’t fit in :-(
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  123. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  124. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  125. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  128. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  129. sum(xs) / len(xs)
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  130. users.aggregate,
    not user.aggregate
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  131. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  132. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  133. world.data,
    not user.data
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  134. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  135. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  136. duplication
    delegation
    separation
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  137. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  138. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  139. Everything local :-)
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  140. Simple :-)
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  141. Duplication :-(
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  142. Size?
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  143. Updates?
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  144. Limited data
    Limited mutation
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  145. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  146. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  147. No duplication :-)
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  148. Complex :-(
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  149. Sometimes local
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  150. Usage highly correlated
    with particular user
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  151. Example: sales data,
    sharded by area
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  152. Most queries local
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  153. Aggregate queries
    cross shards predictably
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  154. Tight coupling :-(
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  159. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  160. Querying over
    all data is hard :-(
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  161. Querying across
    stores is hard :-(
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  162. Yes.
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  163. Data analytics
    &
    Transactions
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  164. Data analytics
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  165. Most datasets
    Separation
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  166. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  167. Big Data
    Specialized tools
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  168. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  169. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  170. Missing sweet spot?
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  171. Maybe.
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  172. Transactions
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  173. Cross-database
    transactions do exist
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  174. ATTACH DATABASE
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  175. dblink
    Friday, October 12, 2012

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  176. Do it in Python!
    Friday, October 12, 2012

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  177. Paxos
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  178. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  179. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  180. No existing tools
    or frameworks :-(
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  181. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  182. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  183. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  184. Friday, October 12, 2012

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  185. Be the change
    you want to see
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  186. Divmod
    Mantissa
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  187. exponent,
    maxims
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  188. Friday, October 12, 2012

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