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Making machines that make music – Strangeloop 2018

Srihari Sriraman
September 27, 2018

Making machines that make music – Strangeloop 2018

Another iteration of the talk, for presentation at Strangeloop 2018.

Srihari Sriraman

September 27, 2018
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  1. Why I do this I sing, I do computers Bleeding

    edge research A long time hobby Re-discovery
  2. Structure of this talk Universality, Carnatic music A timeline of

    4 phases Bridging the gap between machines and humans Understand domain, create abstractions Synthesise ⟷ Generate ⟷ Transcribe Reflect on melody insights
  3. Prominent tonic Resolves tension from musical movement Pervasive pentatonic scales

    Common in a lot of cultures: celtic, chinese, african, english, indian, etc 7 note scales, 12 semitones Latin, Chinese, Indian cultures have similar solfege Emotive melodies Lullabies, sing-alongs, march songs, festival songs, hymns Universality Natural phenomena observed around the world
  4. Universality Natural phenomenons Prominent tonic Pervasive pentatonic scales 7 note

    scales, 12 semitones Emotive melodies Tonic | आधार षज - Resolves tension from musical movement. - Everyone knows when a piece of music returns to the tonic.
  5. Pentatonic | औडुवम् Common in a lot of cultures: celtic,

    chinese, african, english, indian, etc hps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scale#Pervasiveness Popular Bobby McFerrin demonstration of the power of the pentatonic scale hps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6tB2KiZuk Universality Natural phenomenons Prominent tonic Pervasive pentatonic scales 7 note scales, 12 semitones Emotive melodies
  6. Universality Natural phenomenons Prominent tonic Pervasive pentatonic scales 7 note

    scales, 12 semitones Emotive melodies 7 notes | स राः Latin: do re mi fa sol la si Chinese: shàng chě gōng fán liù wù yi Indian: sa ri ga ma pa da ni
  7. Universality Natural phenomenons Prominent tonic Pervasive pentatonic scales 7 note

    scales, 12 semitones Emotive melodies Emotive melodies | रस Happy sing-alongs, lullabies, march songs, harvest songs, festival songs, hymns, funeral songs sound similar across cultures.
  8. Classical, art music - Not Tribal | Folk | Religious

    | Popular - Intent is artistic - Music itself is the sole focus Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient, traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions
  9. Ancient, traditional music – Earliest treatise ना शा (Natya Shastra)

    at 500BC – लण (Lakshana Grantha): Rich tradition of Sanskrit grammar texts – Oral tradition, trained by exposure Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient, traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions
  10. Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient,

    traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions Digitisation hype cycle
  11. Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient,

    traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions Carnatic music Digitisation hype cycle
  12. Melodic music - Has lile place for harmony - Emphasis

    on notes in succession - Explores melody through ragas and gamakas Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient, traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions
  13. Extempore, compositions - Similar to jazz music - Renditions of

    century old compositions - Improvisations are generally around compositions Carnatic Music South Indian Classical Music Classical, art music Ancient, traditional music Melodic music Extempore, and compositions
  14. Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara

    / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo Adhara Shadja आधार षज | Tonic, pitch - Choice of the artist based on voice - Does not change for every song - Swaras are relative to this
  15. (def adhaara-shadja {:.a 57 :.a# 58 :.b 59 :c 60

    :c# 61 :db 61 :d 62 :d# 63 :eb 63 :e 64 :f 65 :f# 66 :gb 66 :g 67 :g# 68 :ab 68 :a 69 :a# 70 :bb 70 :b 71 :c. 72}) Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  16. - The 12 semitones in an octave - Solfege is

    sung, and used as notation - Elements of a raga Swara र | Note Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  17. Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Da Sa Ni S R

    G M P D S N R1 R2 R3 G1 G2 G3 M1 M2 D1 D2 D3 N1 N2 N3 Notation Pronunciation Variations
  18. (def madhya-sthayi-sthanams {:s 0 :r1 1 :r2 2 :r3 3

    :g1 2 :g2 3 :g3 4 :m1 5 :m2 6 :p 7 :d1 8 :d2 9 :d3 10 :n1 9 :n2 10 :n3 11}) Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  19. (def sthayis {:mandra {:position :before :dots "." :difference -12} :madhya

    {:position :none :dots "" :difference 0} :thara {:position :after :dots "." :difference 12}}) Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  20. Prescriptive Notation s,,r g,p, d,s., n,d, p,dp mgrs rsnd s,,,

    Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  21. Raga राग / Melodic framework - Melodic modes with added

    specialities - Grammar that a composition adheres to - Evokes a certain set of emotions Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  22. ragavardhini.ragams> (count ragams) 5280 ragavardhini.ragams> (into {} (take 2 ragams))

    {:mayamalavagowla {:num 15 :arohanam [:s :r1 :g3 :m1 :p :d1 :n3 :s.] :avarohanam [:s. :n3 :d1 :p :m1 :g3 :r1 :s]} :gaula {:arohanam [:s :r1 :m1 :p :n3 :s.] :avarohanam [:s. :n3 :p :m1 :r1 :g3 :m1 :r1 :s] :parent-mela-name :mayamalavagowla :parent-mela-num 15}} Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  23. Scale | आरोह, अवरोह – Example: – Aarohanam: 1 2

    3 5 6 8 – Avarohanam: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 – They form a skeleton of the raga – Can be asymmetric, and non-linear Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  24. (:ragam (search/search-ragam “goula")) {:arohanam (:s :r1 :m1 :p :n3 :s.)

    :avarohanam (:s. :n3 :p :m1 :r1 :g3 :m1 :r1 :s) :name :gaula :parent-mela-name :mayamalavagowla :parent-mela-num 15} (play-arohanam-and-avarohanam (:ragam (search/search-ragam “goula"))) Lookup and play the scale Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  25. (play-phrase (phrase [:s :r2 :g3 :p :m1 :g3 :r2 :s]

    [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4] (:lower kalams))) (play-phrase (phrase (:mechakalyani r/ragams) [:m :d :n :g :m :d :r :g :m :g :m :d :n :s.] [ 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4] (:middle kalams))) Play a phrase in a raga Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  26. (play-notation (:bilahari r/ragams) "s,,r g,p, d,s., n,d, p,dp mgrs rs

    .n .d s,,,") (play-notation (:mayamalavagowla r/ragams) "s,,r g,p, d,s., n,d, p,dp mgrs rs .n .d s,,,") Play prescriptive notation Fundamentals आधार षज, र, राग Adhara Shadja / Tonic Swara / Note Raga / Melodic Framework Demo
  27. Etymology in Sanskrit सक ् क ृ तम् (correctly done)

    = सं ृ तम् Specifies grammar for creating new words Words can be composed (समास / Samāsa) Elegant solution to the naming problem in soware
  28. मेव राजते इत र - that which shines on its

    own - In the context of grammar, “swara” means vowel. A consonant in Sanskrit cannot be pronounced without a vowel. Etymology Independent Resonant Swara र | Note
  29. ः: अनुरणनाक: तो रयत - that which shines on its

    own - resonant, unlike spoken words Sangita Ratnakara, Sarngadeva, 12 CE Swara र | Note
  30. Raga / राग – colour: hue, tint, dye – emotion:

    desire, interest, anger, melancholy, joy, delight, yearning – More than a scale: phraseology / रागवाचक Raga राग / Melodic framework
  31. More than a scale – A class of ragas has

    a phraseology / रागवाचक – Learning a raga is akin to learning a language by exposure (say a mother tongue) – A raga is absorbed Etymology Color, Emotion More than a scale Raga राग / Melodic framework
  32. छाया ुरा याम् रो य गमये What is it? Kinds

    of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation Movement of a note from it’s pitch towards another so that the second passes like shadow over it. Sangita samayasaara, Parsvadeva, 12CE
  33. - Embellishment, ornamentation - Shake, push, glide, flick - Pervasive

    in Carnatic music - Every swaram is a continuum What is it? Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR
  34. Sphuritam Jaaru What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs

    Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation
  35. Kampitam Orikai What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs

    Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation
  36. Prescriptive vs Descriptive What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive

    vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation
  37. Prior art Gaayaka | Subramanian, 2009 | S, N D

    | N S R G | ((P S,,)) , ((S , S>>> S)) -((D. S. D)) ((S , S>> S))- S R ((G<< G , ,)) - Database of phrases - < and > increase and decrease pitch - ( and ) are speed factors; deeper is faster What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation
  38. PASR | Srikumar, 2013 - Pitch, Aack, Sustain, Release -

    Vector specifies the PASR vars for each note [["^pa:2" [[4 0 0 0] [2 2 0 0] [7 2 4 0]]] ["^ma1:2" [[5 0 8 0]]] ["^ga3:2" [[5 0 6 0] [4 0.5 0 0.5] [5 1 0 0]]] ["^ga3" [[5 0 0 0.5] [4 1 1 1] [5 0.5 0 0]]] ["ma1" [[5 0 0 0.5] [4 1 1 1] [5 0.5 0 0]]] ["^ri2:2" [[5 0 0 0.5] [4 1 1 1] [5 0.5 0 0.5] [2 1 1 1] [4 0.5 0 0]]] ["^ga3" [[4 0 0 0.5] [2 1 1 1] [[5 0.2] 0.5 0 0]]] ["ri2" [[[5 0.2] 0 0 0.5] [2 1 1 1] [4 0.5 0 0]]] ["^sa:4" [[0 0 16 0]]]] - Prior art Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR
  39. SSP | Sangita Samradaya Pradarshini संगीत सादाय दषन What is

    it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation
  40. Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation What is it? Kinds of gamaka

    Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR
  41. - Frequency envelopes (g-inst sphuritam-inst (envelope [f f lf f

    f] [ d4 d1 d1 d4] :welch)) (g-inst jaru-inst (envelope [pf f f] [ d9 d1] :welch)) Synthesis Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation What is it? Kinds of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR
  42. Rendering PASR… Gamaka गमक / Ornamentation What is it? Kinds

    of gamaka Prescriptive vs Descriptive Prior art Synthesis Rendering PASR
  43. Melody Insights #1 Prescriptive notation is insuicient for reproduction Raga

    as a framework for creating melodies is powerful Melographs make melodies tangible for observation Gamaka synthesis can be mathematically modelled as a curve
  44. Generate a stream of Carnatic music Try to convert existing

    music into music data Study music data, look for paerns Infer characteristics of raga from music data Phase #2
  45. (defn gen-durations [] (let [m 16 n 8 sum (-

    m n)] (->> (repeatedly n #(rand-nth (range (inc sum)))) (cons sum) sort adjacent-differences (map inc)))) (defn random-swarams [swarams num] (repeatedly num #(rand-nth swarams))) (defn random-durations [jathi num] ;; [1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4] (take num (flatten (repeatedly gen-durations)))) Generate random durations Pick swarams from a raga Generation A naive approach
  46. Generate random durations Pick swarams from a raga Generation A

    naive approach (play-completely-random-phrase :mohana 4 100)
  47. Step 1. Build a massive database by scraping the internet

    Ragas, lyrics Ragas Compositions, Renditions Get data, study data Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  48. Get data, study data Step 2. Build a user interface

    to search songs and ragas, so that I can see what’s in the database. Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  49. Get data, study data Step 3. Download renditions of a

    given raga (->> "bhairavi" (db-search/renditions-in-ragam) (take 50) (download-renditions) hp://github.com/ssrihari/kosha Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  50. Get data, study data Step 4. Transcribe the fundamental frequencies

    of vocals Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  51. Get data, study data Step 5. Look at melographs, spectrograms,

    and try to find usable insights about melody. kalyANi-MS-Subbulakshmi-nidhi_cAla_sukhamA-tyAgarAja3.mpeg.wav.pitch.frequencies Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  52. Pitch histograms (defn pitch-histogram [filename] (let [frequencies (f/freqs-from-file filename) data-set

    (to-dataset frequencies) title (str "pitch histogram for " filename)] (with-data data-set (save (histogram (or plot-axis :freq) :density true :nbins 1200 :title title :x-label "frequency" :y-label "ocurrances") (str filename "-pitch-histogram.png") :width 1200 :height 300)))) Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  53. Pitch histograms (defn pitch-histogram [filename] (let [frequencies (f/freqs-from-file filename) data-set

    (to-dataset frequencies) title (str "pitch histogram for " filename)] (with-data data-set (save (histogram (or plot-axis :freq) :density true :nbins 1200 :title title :x-label "frequency" :y-label "ocurrances") (str filename "-pitch-histogram.png") :width 1200 :height 300)))) Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  54. Tonic identification Bellur, A., V. Ishwar, X. Serra, and H.

    A. Murthy (2012) A knowledge based signal processing approach to tonic identification in indian classical music. Bellur, A., and H. A. Murthy (2013) Automatic tonic identification in classical music using melodic characteristics and tuning of the drone. Srihari, S. (2016) * Pick the highest one, it mostly just works. * not really, no Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  55. Tonic identification (defn find-tonic-midi [freqs prominent-note] (let [midi-occurrances (midi-histogram freqs)

    prominent-midi-diff (->> midi-occurrances normalize-octaves (sort-by second >) ffirst)] (cond (= :s prominent-note) (+ 60 prominent-midi-diff) (= :p prominent-note) (+ 65 prominent-midi-diff) :else (+ 60 prominent-midi-diff)))) Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes
  56. Get data, study data Pitch histograms MIDI histograms Tonic identification

    Swaram histograms Transcription Audio files to notes Tonic identification (defn find-tonic-midi [freqs prominent-note] (let [midi-occurrances (midi-histogram freqs) prominent-midi-diff (->> midi-occurrances normalize-octaves (sort-by second >) ffirst)] (cond (= :s prominent-note) (+ 60 prominent-midi-diff) (= :p prominent-note) (+ 65 prominent-midi-diff) :else (+ 60 prominent-midi-diff))))
  57. Swaram Histogram Kalyani S, R2, G3, M2, P, D2, N3,

    S. S., N3, D2, P, M2, G3, R2, S
  58. Kalyani S, R2, G3, M2, P, D2, N3, S. S.,

    N3, D2, P, M2, G3, R2, S Revati S, R1, M1, P, N2, S. S., N2, P, M1, R1, S Mohana S, R2, G3, P, D2, S. S., D2, P, G3, R2, S
  59. (defn get-next-swaram [swaram-allocations] (let [r (rand 100)] (->> swaram-allocations (filter

    (fn [[swaram [b e]]] (< b r e))) first first))) One swaram probabilities One swaram probabilities Two-swaram probabilities One vs two swarams Markov chains Generation
  60. Random Swaram Weighted One swaram probabilities One swaram probabilities Two-swaram

    probabilities One vs two swarams Markov chains Generation
  61. Melody Insights #2 Tonic is prominent Sa (tonic), and Pa

    (5th) have higher and sharper peaks Other note peaks are blunt Probabilities of all swarams in a raga are not the same Probabilities across octaves are not the same
  62. Make generative music sound continuous Extract raga grammar, use it

    in generation How do we detect melodic paerns? Phase #3
  63. Two swaram probabilities {:.s ([:.s 57.35530546623794] [:.r2 6.109324758842444] [:s 5.868167202572347]

    [:.d2 5.466237942122186] [:.p 5.42604501607717] [:.g3 3.215434083601286]…) :.r2 ([:.s 29.53020134228188] [:.r2 21.0738255033557] [:.g3 14.49664429530201] [:.p 6.577181208053691]…) :.p ([:.p 44.131214761660694] [:.d2 16.04305484366991] [:.g3 8.14966683751922]…) …} One swaram probabilities Two swaram probabilities One vs two swarams Markov chains Generation
  64. One swaram probabilities Two swaram probabilities One vs two swarams

    Markov chains Generation (defn swaram-generator [swaram allocations] (lazy-seq (cons swaram (swaram-generator (get-next-swaram swaram allocations) allocations)))) Two swaram probabilities
  65. One swaram probabilities Two swaram probabilities One vs two swarams

    Markov chains Generation One vs two swarams
  66. One swaram probabilities Two swaram probabilities One vs two swarams

    Markov chains Generation Markov chains https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain#Music https://github.com/rm-hull/markov-chains
  67. One swaram probabilities Two swaram probabilities One vs two swarams

    Markov chains Generation Markov chains https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain#Music https://github.com/rm-hull/markov-chains
  68. Melody Insights #3 Adjacent swarams seem more melodious Sequencing per

    raga rules makes it sound beer Gamakas at this level give a Carnatic texture Sometimes, the in-between is worse than either extreme Higher order Markov chains do not make it sound beer
  69. ुत: माता लय: पता Shruti is the mother, Laya is

    the father - Shruti: Pitch fidelity - Laya: Temporal discipline, or Tempo Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  70. - Laya organizes music in time - A change in

    tempo has communicative weight Laya | लय Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  71. TAla is the fundamental principle that binds Gita (song), Vadya

    (instrument) and Nria (dance). ताळ: तल थठयामत गीतम् वाम् तथानृं यथाालेततम् Sangita Ratnakara, Sarngadeva, 12 CE Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  72. Tala | ताळ - A recurrent time frame, a cycle

    of beats - Derived from poetic meter, rather than dance - Hand gestures for conduction Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  73. Tala Systems - Navasandhi talas (108) - Chapu talas (4)

    - Suladi Sapta talas (175) Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartanam Matra, Akshara, Gati
  74. Avartana | आवतन - avartana: 1 cycle - signifies number

    of beats in 1 cycle - simhanandana tala: 128 beats per cycle - sharaba nandana tala: 79 beats per cycle Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  75. Kriya, Anga, Jati - Anga: A subdivision of the tala

    - Kriya: The gesture used to refer to an anga - Jati: The number of matras in a laghu Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartanam Kriya, Anga, Jati Matra, Akshara, Gati
  76. Matra, Akshara, Gati - Matra: beat (within an avartana) -

    Akshara: division of beat (within a matra) - Gati: gait; factor dividing matra into akshara Laya, Tala Temporal discipline Etymology, Meaning Avartana Matra, Akshara, Gati
  77. Original Record Gati: 1 Gati: 2 Gati: 4 Gati: 8

    Transcription Based on laya and gati A clinical process Detail vs structure trade-os Varna and Alankara Removing outliers
  78. Gati: 2 Gati: 8 Melodic structure is visible at 1/2

    a matra / beat Embellishments / Gamakas are visible at 1/8th Transcription Based on laya and gati A clinical process Detail vs structure trade-os Varna and Alankara Removing outliers
  79. Transcription Based on laya and gati A clinical process Detail

    vs structure trade-os Varna and Alankara Removing outliers Varna and Alankara - Tonal paerns at matra (beat) level is called varna - Embellishments at akshara (sub-beat) level is called alankara
  80. Removing outliers - Short-lived frequencies (< akshara/2) - Non prominent

    swaras in raga - Low and high cutos for unnatural frequencies - Octave shis, and continuous tonics - Detecting rests Transcription Based on laya and gati A clinical process Detail vs structure trade-os Varna and Alankara Removing outliers
  81. Revisiting Markov Chains - Transcribing with input BPM improves quality

    - Markov chains at multiple levels of granularity - So many knobs/toggles to play with Revisiting Markov chains At matra, akshara levels Embellishment chains Aavrii Generation
  82. (markov/generate-and-play mohanam-swarams {:order 12 :duration-seconds 100 :playback-gati 2 :generation-gati 4

    :mode :discrete :bpm 80}) (markov/generate-and-play mohanam-swarams {:order 22 :duration-seconds 100 :playback-gati 10 :generation-gati 8 :mode :continuous :bpm 80}) Revisiting Markov chains At matra, akshara levels Embellishment chains Aavrii Generation
  83. Embellishment chains - Filling matra chains with alankara chains fails

    - Gamakas are contextual, and have their own laya Revisiting Markov chains At matra, akshara levels Embellishment chains Aavrii Generation
  84. Revisiting Markov chains At matra, akshara levels Embellishment chains Aavrii

    Generation Repetition / Avartana Organic repetition seems hard to model, I’m on it.
  85. Melody Insights #4 Time is fundamental to melody, and inseparable

    from frequency Humans perceive more than a beat when hearing a beat Machines understand tonal structures at 1/2 a beat Markov chains don’t work for embellishments Simplest form of repetition can be powerful
  86. Using a simple goodness of fit test By-product #1 Raga

    Identification (defn raga-diff [base-osp sample-osp] (let [ordered-vals (fn [osp] (vals (sort-by first < osp))) probs (ordered-vals base-osp) table (ordered-vals sample-osp)] (chisq-test :table table :probs (map #(* 0.01 %) probs))))
  87. (defn raga-diff [base-osp sample-osp] (let [ordered-vals (fn [osp] (vals (sort-by

    first < osp))) probs (ordered-vals base-osp) table (ordered-vals sample-osp)] (chisq-test :table table :probs (map #(* 0.01 %) probs)))) Using a simple goodness of fit test By-product #1 Raga Identification
  88. By-product #2 Useful in education, and preserving music Automatic notation,

    playback (let [props {:bpm 87 :gati 2 :offset 60} swaras (bpm-transcribe (first samples/research-files))] (prescriptive-notation (get swaras (:gati props)) 16)) (“.s .r .g .p .d , s , .d .p .g , " ".r .s , .r , .g .p , .d , s , .d" " .p , .g , .r , .s .r .g .p , .d" " s , .d .p , .g .r .s .r .g .p ," " .d s , , .d .p , .r .s .r .d s " ".d .p .g .r .g s .p .g .p s .p .”)
  89. By-product #3 An electronic rhythm accompanist Electronic tala assistant (def

    talas {:eka [:I] :rupaka [:O :I] :jhampa [:I :U :O] :triputa [:I :O :O] :matya [:I :O :I] :ata [:I :I :O :O] :dhruva [:I :O :I :I]}) (play-avartanams 60 4 (->> (tala-accents :chatusra :rupaka) #(mapcat combo) (repeatedly 10)))
  90. References Sangita Ratnakara of Sarngadeva – RK Shringy, Prem Lata

    Sharma Sangita Sampradaya Pradarsini – SRJ, NR, RSJ Brhaddesi of Sri Matanga Muni – Prem Lata Sharma Appreciating Carnatic Music – Lakshmi Sreeram South Indian Music – P. Sambamurthy Compmusic – MTG, Barcelona, Xavier Serra Gayaka - Subramanian Srikumar’s PASR thesis
  91. Shruti ुत Etymology Intervals in indian music ूयते इत ुत:

    - that which should be heard - the vedas, tanpura - that which can be heard - the word shruti probably means an interval here