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Hipster DFIR on OSX - BSidesCincy

Hipster DFIR on OSX - BSidesCincy

My update on Hipster DFIR on OSX given at BSidesCincy.

Scott J. Roberts

May 21, 2016
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  1. Who Am I? GitHub Since 2012 DFIR Since 2006 Mac

    User Since 1989 Curious Since 1983
  2. - The Problems - Core OSX Concepts - Tools -

    Built In - General Purpose - Free Security Tools - Paid Security Tools - Resources Roadmap
  3. Property lists organize data into named values and lists of

    values using several Core Foundation types: CFString, CFNumber, CFBoolean, CFDate, CFData, CFArray, and CFDictionary. These types give you the means to produce data that is meaningfully structured, transportable, storable, and accessible, but still as efficient as possible.
  4. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN”

    "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0"> <dict> <key>Year Of Birth</key> <integer>1965</integer> <key>Pets Names</key> <array/> <key>Picture</key> <data>PEKBpYGlmYFCPA==</data> <key>City of Birth</key> <string>Springfield</string> <key>Name</key> <string>John Doe</string> <key>Kids Names</key> <array> <string>John</string> <string>Kyra</string> </array> </dict> </plist>
  5. Persistance Mechanisms - cron jobs - kexts - OSX’s kernal

    extensions/modules - Needs admin privileges to install, but can do almost anything… - Defaults to: /System/Library/Extensions
  6. Persistance Mechanisms - cron jobs - kexts - launchdaemons -

    The “common” way for admin level binaries to persist across reboots - launchd is the first process and kicks off launch agents & daemons - Described by plist lauchd item
  7. Persistance Mechanisms - cron jobs - kexts - launchdaemons -

    Startup Items - Deprecated… but still works! - Requires startup script & a plist in: - /Library/StartupItems - /System/Library/StartupItems - Starts up with operating system
  8. Persistance Mechanisms - cron jobs - kexts - launchdaemons -

    Startup Items - Login Items - The “common” way for desktop userland applications to start up - User specific - User configurable without admin rights
  9. Persistance Mechanisms - cron jobs - kexts - launchdaemons -

    Startup Items - Login Items - Login/Logout Hooks - Deprecated… but still works! - User specific - Just writes the script to execute to com.apple.loginwindow.plist and specify either LoginHook or LogoutHook
  10. Persistance Mechanisms - OSX “helps” you out and automatically re-opens

    applications at startup - Persists lost of state, like browser tabs in Safari & Chrome and docs in Pages - Defaults to On in 10.10 - cron jobs - kexts - launchdaemons - Startup Items - Login Items - Login/Logout hooks - Re-opened Applications
  11. Xcode - Apple’s Developer Suite - Development - Debugging -

    Instruments - Debugging & Monitoring with Dtrace - Commandline Tools
  12. OSXCollector - Zero dependency OSX live response tool - Built

    by the security team at Yelp based on OSXAuditor - Copies key system state and log files for off host analysis - Built in filters for quickly identifying common patterns
  13. - Host instrumentation for OSX & Linux - Exposes the

    operating system as a series of SQLite tables - Framework that allows lots of customization but needs integration Written by this handsome devil: Facebook’s @marpaia (& @theopolis) osquery
  14. - Remote Forensics & Host Sweeping Tool - Cross Platform:

    OSX & Linux (& Windows) - Add in Rekall (MemForensics) & ForensicArtifacts.com - Great API & Easy PoC
  15. - “The” OSS Memory Forensics Tool - Tons of Plugins

    (including OSX specific) to look for different data structures and techniques - Worth the time to get setup ahead of time
  16. $ python vol.py --info | grep mac_ mac_arp - Prints

    the arp table mac_check_syscalls - Checks to see if system call table entries are hooked mac_check_sysctl - Checks for unknown sysctl handlers mac_check_trap_table - Checks to see if system call table entries are hooked mac_dead_procs - Prints terminated/de-allocated processes mac_dmesg - Prints the kernel debug buffer mac_dump_maps - Dumps memory ranges of processes mac_find_aslr_shift - Find the ASLR shift value for 10.8+ images mac_ifconfig - Lists network interface information for all devices mac_ip_filters - Reports any hooked IP filters mac_list_sessions - Enumerates sessions mac_list_zones - Prints active zones mac_ls_logins - Lists login contexts mac_lsmod - Lists loaded kernel modules mac_lsof - Lists per-process opened files mac_machine_info - Prints machine information about the sample mac_mount - Prints mounted device information mac_netstat - Lists active per-process network connections mac_notifiers - Detects rootkits that add hooks into I/O Kit (e.g. LogKext) mac_pgrp_hash_table - Walks the process group hash table mac_pid_hash_table - Walks the pid hash table mac_print_boot_cmdline - Prints kernel boot arguments mac_proc_maps - Gets memory maps of processes mac_psaux - Prints processes with arguments in user land (**argv) mac_pslist - List Running Processes mac_pstree - Show parent/child relationship of processes mac_psxview - Find hidden processes with various process listings mac_route - Prints the routing table mac_tasks - List Active Tasks mac_trustedbsd - Lists malicious trustedbsd policies mac_version - Prints the Mac version mac_vfs_events - Lists Mac VFS Events mac_volshell - Shell in the memory image mac_yarascan - A shell in the mac memory image
  17. Yara - Malware centric Pattern Matching - Disk & Network

    - Highly Integratabtle rule leverage_a { meta: author = "[email protected]" version = "1.0" description = "OSX/Leverage.A" date = "2013/09" strings: $a1 = "ioreg -l | grep \"IOPlatformSerialNumber\" | awk -F" $a2 = "+:Users:Shared:UserEvent.app:Contents:MacOS:" $a3 = "rm '/Users/Shared/UserEvent.app/Contents/Resources/UserEvent.icns'" $script1 = "osascript -e 'tell application \"System Events\" to get the hidden of every login item'" $script2 = "osascript -e 'tell application \"System Events\" to get the name of every login item'" $script3 = "osascript -e 'tell application \"System Events\" to get the path of every login item'" $properties = "serverVisible \x00" condition: all of them } OSX/Leverage Rule from AlienVault }
  18. ELK - 3 services = 1 Log management platform -

    High effort/high reward - Take a look at Yelp’s ElastAlert
  19. FIR - “FIR (Fast Incident Response) is an cybersecurity incident

    management platform designed with agility and speed in mind” - Entity extraction & autolinking to common data sites - Minimal (in a good way) but comprehensive
  20. Paterva Maltego - Infrastructure Reconnaissance Tool? - Network Visualization &

    Analysis Tool? - Mash Up & Pivot Tool! - LEARN TO WRITE YOUR OWN TRANSFORMS!!!!
  21. Hopper - A Mac Dissassembler and Binary Analysis Tool -

    Somewhat dev focused - Somewhat security focused - Great Value!
  22. Other Tools - The Sleuth Kit & Autopsy - Traditional

    Forensics - Wireshark & tcpdump - Network Monitoring - 0xED - Hex Editor
  23. People - @blackbagtech - @dinodaizovi - @iamevltwin - @mikearpaia -

    @osquery - @osxreverser - @patrickwardle - @robtlee - @sansforensics - @synack
  24. Books - OS X Incident Response - Mac OS X

    and iOS Internals - Mac Hacker's Handbook - iOS Hacker's Handbook
  25. Concepts - PLists, Mach-O, HFS+, Kexts, Gate Keeper, & XProtect

    - Get Started: OSXCollector, ./jq, & FIR - Advance To: osquery, GRR, Yara, Maltego, & Hopper