Upgrade to Pro — share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more …

May the Cloud be with You: Red Teaming GCP (Google Cloud Platform)

TweekFawkes
November 09, 2019

May the Cloud be with You: Red Teaming GCP (Google Cloud Platform)

More research on Red Teaming GCP (Google Cloud Platform) & K8s presented at ToorCon San Diego on November 9th 2019.

Red Teaming inside Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Breach into Targets, Expand Access within Kubernetes (K8s) environments, & Persist!

Cloud services are frequently misconfigured due to their rapid adoption and engineers not fully understanding the security ramifications of different configurations, which can frequently enable red teams to gain, expand, and persist access within Google Cloud Platform (GCP) environments.

In this talk we will dive into how GCP services are commonly breached (e.g. SSRF vulnerabilities, discovering insecure cloud storage), and then show how attackers are expanding access within Docker & Kubernetes (K8s) environments (e.g. CVEs, insecure daemons). Finally we will demonstrate some unique tools & techniques for persisting access within GCP environments for prolonged periods of time!

TweekFawkes

November 09, 2019
Tweet

More Decks by TweekFawkes

Other Decks in Technology

Transcript

  1. Stage 2 Security Version 1.0 Copyright 2019 by Stage 2

    Security May the Cloud Be with You! Red Teaming GCP (Google Cloud Platform)
  2. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Agenda

    Bryce Kunz @TweekFawkes - Who Am I? - GCP Overview - Compute Engine - Storage - Kubernetes (K8s) - Persistence within GCP
  3. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Defense

    DHS SOC Offense NSA Red Team Adobe Digital Exp. (DX) Bryce Kunz; @TweekFawkes
  4. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Defense

    DHS SOC Offense NSA Red Team Adobe Digital Exp. (DX) Bryce Kunz; @TweekFawkes Services • Hack (Pentest) • Hunt (Splunk ES) • Train (Cloud Sec.)
  5. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Defense

    DHS SOC Offense NSA Red Team Adobe Digital Exp. (DX) Bryce Kunz; @TweekFawkes Services • Hack (Pentest) • Hunt (Splunk ES) • Train (Cloud Sec.)
  6. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Management

    UI Control Plane (APIs) Data Plane Management UI Cloud Admin Web Management Console -> https://Console.Cloud.Google.com
  7. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Control

    Plane (APIs) Control Plane (APIs) Data Plane Management UI Cloud Admin Ext Cloud Automation - Terraform - Salt Cloud - Custom
  8. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Data

    Plane Control Plane (APIs) Data Plane Management UI Cloud Admin Ext Cloud Automation - Terraform - Salt Cloud - Custom USERS
  9. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Data

    Center Firewall Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) ... Web App Database Monitoring 10.1.1.1 Images 10.1.1.2 Internet 1 GET /app?img=b.jpg 2 3 4
  10. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Server

    Side Request Forgery (SSRF) ... Web App Database Monitoring 10.1.1.1 Images Internet Data Center Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://10.1.1.1/... 2 3 4 0
  11. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  12. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Metadata Service ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  13. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Metadata Service ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  14. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Metadata Service HTTP Header ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  15. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Metadata Service HTTP Header ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  16. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    v1beta1 ? ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  17. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    v1beta1 ! ... Web App Database metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254 Images Internet GCP Firewall 1 GET /?img=http://metadata/.. 2 3 4 0 Instance
  18. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    SSRF Demo Steps on macOS: • curl http://34.73.197.205/ • View Source ◦ /extimage?p=http%3A...%2Fsalamander.jpg curl http://34.73.197.205/extimage?p=http://metadata.google.internal/compute Metadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token ...
  19. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    SSRF Demo Steps on macOS: • curl http://34.73.197.205/ • View Source ◦ /extimage?p=http%3A...%2Fsalamander.jpg curl http://34.73.197.205/extimage?p=http://metadata.google.internal/compute Metadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token ...
  20. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    SSRF Demo Steps on macOS: • curl http://35.247.8.30/ • View Source ◦ /extimage?p=http%3A...%2Fsalamander.jpg curl http://35.247.8.30/extimage?p=http://metadata.google.internal/computeMet adata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token ...
  21. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    SSRF Demo Steps on macOS: • curl http://35.247.8.30/ • View Source ◦ /extimage?p=http%3A...%2Fsalamander.jpg curl http://35.247.8.30/extimage?p=http://metadata.google.internal/computeMet adata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token ...
  22. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Validate User Tokens https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo?access_token=ACCESS_T OKEN ...
  23. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Management UI Web Management Console -> https://Console.Cloud.Google.com
  24. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    GCE New VM Instance Google Compute Engine (GCE) Default: • Identity and API Access • Firewall • Startup script (Optional) • Metadata (Optional) Defaults: • Block project-wide SSH keys (unchecked) • Disk Encryption (Google-managed key) ...
  25. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    GCE Identity and API Access Access scopes: • read-only access to Storage and Service Management, • write access to Stackdriver Logging and Monitoring, • read/write access to Service Control. ...
  26. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Compute Engine Identity and API Access
  27. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Compute Engine Identity and API Access
  28. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Scripts https://github.com/Stage2Sec/CaptureTheCloud • gcp_get_token_gce_header.py ◦ get access token from metadata service via HTTP header • gcp_get_token_gce_v1beta1.py ◦ get access token from metadata service via v1beta1 URI • gcp_check_token.py ◦ check access token is valid & it’s scope via googleapis.com ...
  29. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security 2017:

    May-Oct 1. “Internal Accenture Data, Customer Information Exposed in Public Amazon S3 Bucket” 2. “Another Wide-Open Amazon S3 Bucket Exposes Verizon Customer Account Data” 3. “US voter info stored on wide-open cloud box, thanks to bungling Republican contractor” 4. “Researcher discovers classified Army intel app, data on open public AWS bucket” 5. “Millions of Time Warner Cable Customer Records Exposed in Third-Party Data Leak” 6. “Drone Manufacturer DJI Leaves SSL Key Exposed on Public Repository” 7. “Dow Jones becomes the latest organization to be affected by an AWS cloud data leakage due to misconfiguration and user error.” etc...
  30. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security 2017:

    May-Oct 1. “Internal Accenture Data, Customer Information Exposed in Public Amazon S3 Bucket” 2. “Another Wide-Open Amazon S3 Bucket Exposes Verizon Customer Account Data” 3. “US voter info stored on wide-open cloud box, thanks to bungling Republican contractor” 4. “Researcher discovers classified Army intel app, data on open public AWS bucket” 5. “Millions of Time Warner Cable Customer Records Exposed in Third-Party Data Leak” 6. “Drone Manufacturer DJI Leaves SSL Key Exposed on Public Repository” 7. “Dow Jones becomes the latest organization to be affected by an AWS cloud data leakage due to misconfiguration and user error.” etc...
  31. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Accessing Objects https://storage.googleapis.com/its_all_in_the_cloud/object001.jpg storage.googleapis.com -> GCP its_all_in_the_cloud -> Globally Unique Bucket Name object001.jpg -> Object Name ...
  32. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GoBuster

    - Finding Buckets & Objects https://storage.googleapis.com/its_all_in_the_cloud/object001.jpg gobuster -m dir -u “https://storage.googleapis.com” -i -t 100 -e -s 200,204 -w quickdir.txt
  33. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Compute Engine Identity and API Access
  34. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security GCP:

    Cloud IAM Policies Policies bind Members to Roles... • Member: User, Group, etc… • Roles: Collection of Permissions ◦ similar to AWS IAM Policies • eg Permission: Compute.Instances.Start ...at a specific hierarchy levels: • Org, Folder, Project, or Resource Who can do what to which thing?
  35. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security ...

    Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  36. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security K8s

    Env: pid 1 is not init or launchd ...
  37. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Default

    Service Account Credential (token) kube-system associates a pod is with a service account w/ credential (token) • /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  38. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Access

    Token via metadata Overview: • Pod contains 1 or more containers ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254
  39. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Access

    Token via metadata Container Escape Vulnerabilities: • CVE-2019-5736 -> Runc ...
  40. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security .../v1/instance/attributes/kube-env

    • Masquerading as the Kubelet • To the K8s API ◦ -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254
  41. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Kubelet

    certificate and the Kubelet private key • Masquerading as the Kubelet • To the K8s API ◦ -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" • Some more steps here… ◦ See references Refs: https:/ /www.4armed.com/blog/hacking-kubelet-on-gke/ https:/ /hackerone.com/reports/341876 etc... Infrastructure: Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl metadata.google.internal 169.254.169.254
  42. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Kubelet

    -> Port: 10250/TCP, 10255/TCP Overview: • Pod contains 1 or more containers ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  43. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Kubelet

    -> Port: 10250/TCP, 10255/TCP Overview: • Pod contains 1 or more containers ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  44. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Container

    Escapes Container Escape Vulnerabilities: • CVE-2019-5736 -> Runc • CVE-2016-5195 -> Dirty Cow ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  45. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Container

    Escapes Container Escape Techniques: • Run Container in Cluster ◦ With Root File System Mounted! ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  46. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Kubernetes

    API Kubernetes API Vulnerabilities: • CVE-2018-1002105 -> kubernetes: authentication/authorization bypass ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  47. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Docker:

    2375/TCP (no auth.), 2376/TCP (TLS) Lateral Movement: • EDB-ID: 42356 -> Unprotected TCP Socket ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  48. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Data

    Plane Control Plane (APIs) Data Plane Management UI Cloud Admin Ext Cloud Automation - Terraform - Salt Cloud - Custom USERS
  49. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Client-Side

    Vectors: • 201911 - Remote Mac Exploitation via XLM macros • 201808 - Remote Mac Exploitation Via Custom URL Schemes Refs: https:/ /kb.cert.org/vuls/id/125336/ https:/ /objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x38.html
  50. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Browser

    Cookies • Root Access -> Export (Safari, Chrome, Firefox, etc...) -> See References • No Root Access -> cookie_crimes for Chrome -> https://github.com/defaultnamehere/cookie_crimes GCP Ref: https:/ /wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html https:/ /maxchadwick.xyz/blog/exporting-your-browser-cookies-on-a-mac
  51. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Cloud

    Shell Client-Side: • cookie_crimes -> https://github.com/defaultnamehere/cookie_crimes GCP ...
  52. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Cloud

    Shell: .bashrc modification • ...
  53. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Cloud

    Shell -> .bashrc -> Voodoo -> Private Key • ...
  54. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Cloud

    Shell Client-Side: • cookie_crimes -> https://github.com/defaultnamehere/cookie_crimes GCP ...
  55. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Default

    Service Account Find secrets: • /var/run/secrets/kuberenetes.io/serviceaccount/token ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) Workers Control kubectl
  56. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security AuthN

    Authentication (AuthN) • Prove Your ID ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) AuthN - Bearer Tokens - Client Certs - OIDC AD, etc.. Control kubectl
  57. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security AuthZ

    Authorization (AuthZ) • Is User Allowed... ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) AuthN Bearer Tokens Certs OIDC , AD, ... Control kubectl AuthZ Roles RoleBin dings
  58. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Admission

    Control Admission Control • Policy Enforcement ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) AuthN Bearer Tokens Certs OIDC , AD, ... Control kubectl AuthZ Roles RoleBin dings Admission Control Mutating Validating
  59. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security External

    Admission Control • Policy Enforcement ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) AuthN Bearer Tokens Certs OIDC , AD, ... Control kubectl AuthZ Roles RoleBin dings Admission Control Mutating Validating External Admission Control via Webhooks
  60. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Mutating!

    Admission Control • Policy Enforcement ... Infrastructure Cloud (e.g. Instances) or On-Premises (e.g. VMs) AuthN Bearer Tokens Certs OIDC , AD, ... Control kubectl AuthZ Roles RoleBin dings Admission Control Mutating Validating External Admission Control via Webhooks Persist!
  61. Copyright 2019 by Stage 2 Security Stage 2 Security Trainings

    @ BlackHat & On-Site! Thank You! [email protected] .sh @TweekFawkes