Large-Scale Syntactic Language Modeling with Treelets

Transcript

1. Large-Scale Syntactic Language Modeling with Treelets
   Adam Pauls and Dan

   Klein (ACL 2012) Presented by Mamoru Komachi At ୈ4ճ࠷ઌ୺NLPษڧձ 2012/08/31

2. N-gram LM ͸௕ڑ཭ͷ
   ґଘؔ܎Λѻ͑·ͤΜ
   |  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧͷར఺
   {  ࣮૷͕؆୯
   {  ؤ݈ʹಈ࡞͢Δ
   

   {  େن໛Ͱ΋େৎ෉ |  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧͷܽ఺
   {  ௕ڑ཭ͷґଘؔ܎Λଊ͑ΒΕͳ͍
   2

3. εέʔϧ͠ɺ࣮૷΋؆୯ͳ
   ౷ޠతݴޠϞσϧΛఏҊ͠·͢
   |  ੜ੒తݴޠϞσϧ
   {  ߏจ໦্ͷ
   treelet ʹ
   ৚݅෇͚ΒΕͨϞσϧ {  େن໛σʔλʹεέʔϧ
   

   ͢Δ
   {  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧͱ
   ಉ͘͡Β͍࣮૷͕؆୯
   |  ͨ͘͞ΜฒྻͰܭࢉ͠ͳ
   ͯ͘΋Α͍ʢ୯७͸ਖ਼ٛʣ
   3

4. ͍Ζ͍ΖͳλεΫɾઃఆͰɺ
   Treelet ݴޠϞσϧΛධՁ͠·͢
   |  ઌߦݚڀͱͷൺֱ
   {  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧ΍ଞͷ໦ߏ଄Λ༻͍ͨੜ੒త ͳ౷ޠతݴޠϞσϧΑΓੑೳ͕ߴ͍
   {  ਖ਼ྫ͚͔ͩΒߏஙͯ͠΋ɺ֤λεΫʹಛԽͨࣝ͠

   ผϞσϧͱಉ౳ͷੑೳ
   |  ͍Ζ͍ΖͳλεΫͰͷൺֱ
   {  ύʔϓϨΩγςΟ
   {  ٙࣅෛྫͱਖ਼ྫͷ෼ྨλεΫ
   {  ػց຋༁ͷग़ྗͱϦϑΝϨϯεͷ෼ྨλεΫ
   4

5. 2. Treelet ݴޠϞσϧ͸
   ࠨ͔Βӈʹ໦Λੜ੒͠·͢
   |  ໦ʹର͢Δ֬཰஋ͷׂ౰:
   T=constituency tree (e.g.

   r = P ˠ C1 …Cd P=parent symbol of rule r C=children h=ʢ͢Ͱʹੜ੒͞Εͨʣconditioning context PCFGͷͱ͖͸h=P (਌ϊʔυ)ͷΈʹ৚͚݅ͮ
   5

6. ΈΜͳ͝ଘ஌NάϥϜ
   ݴޠϞσϧͷ͍͍ੑ࣭
   |  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧ͸
   {  ؍ଌͨ͠NάϥϜස౓ʹج͍ͮͯ֬཰ΛׂΓ౰ͯ
   {  ؍ଌͨ͜͠ͱͷͳ͍NάϥϜ͸ΑΓখ͍͞จ຺ʹ όοΫΦϑ
   ͢Δ
   

   |  ͜͏͍ͬͨεϜʔδϯά͸ؤ݈Ͱ࣮૷΋؆୯
   
   6

7. Treelet ݴޠϞσϧ΋ಉ༷
   εϜʔδϯάΛ͠·͢
   |  ͲͷΑ͏ʹεϜʔδϯά
   ͢Δ͔ʁ
   
   ਌ʢPʣΛจ຺ʹ͢Δɻ
   ʢ਌Λੜ੒͢Δr’ʹՃ͑ʣ
   

   
   |  ґଘؔ܎Λߟྀ͢ΔͨΊจ຺͸௕͍͕ͨ͘͠ɺ
   σʔλ͔Β֬཰஋ਪఆͷͨΊʹ୹͘΋͍ͨ͠
   7

8. ਌Λੜ੒͢ΔϧʔϧΛ
   จ຺ʹ͢Δ3ͭͷϝϦοτ
   |  Pͱͦͷ਌ͷP’ͷ྆ํΛߟྀʹೖΕΔͱɺP୯ମ ΑΓ༧ଌྗ͕ߴ͍ɻ (Johnson, 1998) |  ҐஔʹΑΔҧ͍ΛߟྀʹೖΕΒΕΔɻ
   E.g.

   ओޠͱ໨తޠͷ໊ࢺ۟͸ҧ͏෼෍ (Klein and Manning, 2003)ˠಈࢺ͔ΒΈ໊ͨࢺͷҐ ஔ͸͜ΕΒΛ۠ผ͢ΔΑ͍ࢦඪʹͳΔ
   |  ୯ޠͷੜ੒ͷͱ͖
   preterminal ͷ sibling ʹ৚ ͚݅ͮΔ͜ͱͰ͖Δɻˠಈࢺͷ֨ϑϨʔϜΛߟ ྀ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ՄೳʹͳΔ
   8

9. 2.1 Treelet ݴޠϞσϧ͸
   ہॴతͳจ຺΋ߟྀ͠·͢
   |  ཧ૝తʹ͸NάϥϜݴޠ
   ϞσϧΛτοϓμ΢ϯͷ
   PCFG ෩ʹஔ͖׵͍͑ͨ…
   ˠݱ࣮తʹ͸NάϥϜͷ
   

   ৘ใ͸༧ଌʹॏཁ
   |  Left-to-right จ຺Λߟྀ
   ͢ΔͨΊʹɺલͷ2୯ޠΛ
   จ຺ʹՃ͑Δ
   ˠίϩέʔγϣϯ΍ޠኮ
   తͳ૬ؔؔ܎Λଊ͑Δ
   ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
   9

10. 2.2 ऴ୺ه߸ͱඇऴ୺ه߸
    ͰόοΫΦϑΛ෼͚·͢
    |  ඇऴ୺ه߸ˠ
    |  ऴ୺ه߸ɹˠ
    p(Cd 1 |

    P, ! P , ! r ) → p(Cd 1 | P, ! P ) → p(Cd 1 | P) λ p(C i |Ci−1 i−3 , P) i=1 d ∏ +(1− λ) p(C i |Ci−1 i−3 ) i=1 d ∏ 10

11. 2.3 Treelet LM ͸4ͭͷ
    ֬཰෼෍͕ඞཁͳ͚ͩʂ
    |  NάϥϜݴޠϞσϧΛ࡞Δͷͱ
    ಉ͘͡ɺtreelet ͷස౓ΛΧ΢
    ϯτͯ͠ӈͷ֬཰෼෍Λܭࢉɻ
    

    |  ස౓͸Ͳ͔͜Βܭࢉ͢Δʁ
    {  ਓखͰ࡞ͬͨ
    Penn Treebank ίʔύε ˠ࣭͸ߴ͍͕αΠζ͕খ͍͞
    {  ߏจղੳثΛ࢖ͬͯࣗಈతʹߏจ໦Λੜ੒
    ˠΤϥʔ͸ؚ·ΕΔ͕ߏจ໦ࣗମʹڵຯ͕͋ΔΘ ͚Ͱ͸͘ɺੜ੒͞Εͨจʹڵຯ͕͋ΔͷͰ໰୊ ͳ͍ɻ
    p(C 1 d | P, ! P , ! r ) p(w | P, R, ! r ,w −1 ,w −2 ) p(C i |Ci−1 i−n+1 , P) p(C i |Ci−1 i−n+1 ) 11

12. 3 ґଘؔ܎Λߟྀ͢Δ
    ͨΊͷ7ͭͷม׵ϧʔϧ
    12 |  9ݸͷϧʔϧΛॱ൪ʹద༻͠ɺconstituency tree Λม׵͍ͯ͘͠
    

13. Temporal NPs: ໊࣌ؒࢺ۟
    |  Klein and Manning (2003) ʹैͬͯ࣌ؒදݱʹ ҹΛ͚ͭΔ
    

    e.g. today ˠ NNT, months ˠ NNTS 13

14. Head Annotations:
    ओࣙͷΞϊςʔγϣϯ
    |  ओ͕ࣙ closed class ͷ୯ޠͷͱ͖ɺඇऴ୺ه߸ ͱલऴ୺ه߸ΛϚʔΫ
    

    e.g. VP-VB^S 14

15. NP Flattening:
    ໊ࢺ۟ͷฏୱԽ
    |  ฒྻɾಉ֨ʹͳ͍ͬͯͳ͍ࢠͲ΋໊ࢺ۟Λআ͖ɺ ଞͷ໊ࢺ۟ʹࢧ഑͞Ε͍ͯΔ໊ࢺ۟͸࡟আ
    e.g. લஔࢺ۟ʹम০͞Ε͍ͯΔ໊ࢺ۟
    15

16. Number Annotations:
    ਺ͷΞϊςʔγϣϯ
    |  ਺ࣈ͸ CD-YR, CD-NM, CD-DC, CD-MX,

    CD- AL ͷ5ͭͷΫϥεʹ෼ׂɻ E.g. CD-DC খ਺఺ΛؚΉ਺ࣈ
    16

17. SBAR Flattening: SBAR ͷฏୱԽ
    |  SBAR ʹࢧ഑͞Ε͍ͯΔ S ϊʔυ͸࡟আ
    ˠओޠ΍໨తޠ͕ͳ͍৔߹ɺSBAR

    ௚Լͷ S ͸ ಛघͳ෼෍Λ͍ͯ͠Δ
    17

18. VP Flattening: ಈࢺ۟ͷฏୱԽ
    |  VPΛ௚઀ࢧ഑͍ͯ͠ΔVP͸࡟আ e.g. will be going ˠ

    going ͷ VP ͷΈ࢒͢
    
    18

19. Gapped Sentence Annotation
    |  Collins (1999) ͱ Klein and Manning

    (2003) ʹ ै͍ɺempty subject Λ࣋ͭϊʔυΛϚʔΫɻ
    ˠࣗಈղੳΛ͢ΔͷͰͦ͏͍͏ͷ͕ग़ͯ͘Δ
    19

20. Parent Annotation: ਌ͷΞϊςʔγϣϯ
    |  ಈࢺ۟͸਌ͷγϯϘϧͰΞϊςʔγϣϯɻ
    ˠgrandparent Ͱ৚͚݅ͮΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ SBAR௚ԼͷVP͸໨తޠ͕ͳ͍͜ͱ͕Α͋͘Δ
    20

21. Unary Deletion:
    ୯߲ϧʔϧͷ࡟আ
    |  ϧʔτͱલऴ୺ه߸ͷੜ੒نଇҎ֎ͷ߲Λ1ͭ͠ ͔࣋ͨͳ͍ϧʔϧ͸࡟আ ˠ΄ͱΜͲͷ୯߲ϧʔϧ͸अຐ
    21

22. ܭࢉྔ͸େ͖͍Ͱ͕͢ɺ
    ࣮༻্͸໰୊͋Γ·ͤΜ
    |  L୯ޠ͔ΒͳΔจͷ֬཰Λܭࢉ͢Δʹ͸શͯͷՄ ೳͳߏจ໦ʹ͍ͭͯ଍͠ࠐΉඞཁ {  PCFG ͰఆࣜԽ͢Δͱ O(L^3) { 

    ݱ࣮తʹ͸σίʔμʹ૊ΈࠐΈɺpruning ͢Δɻ
    {  ˠຊ࿦จͷର৅֎͕ͩɺ೉͘͠ͳ͍
    |  ࠓճͷ࣮ݧͰ͸طଘͷߏจղੳثΛ༻͍ɺ1000- best ߏจ໦Ͱ֬཰஋Λܭࢉ
    {  1-best Ͱ΋λεΫతʹ͸ਫ਼౓͸มΘΒͳ͍͕ɺ ύʔϓϨΩγςΟΛաେධՁͯ͠͠·͏ɻ
    {  ϘτϧωοΫ͸ߏจղੳثͷॲཧ࣌ؒ
    22

23. 15-20୯ޠͰੜ੒ͯ͠Έͨ จΛൺ΂͍ͯͩ͘͞
    ੜ੒ϞσϧͳͷͰ͜ͷΑ͏ʹจΛੜ੒Ͱ͖Δ
    23

24. ύʔϓϨΩγςΟ΋طଘͷ ੜ੒ϞσϧΑΓ௿͍Ͱ͢
    |  WSJ ͷηΫγϣϯ0ͰධՁ
    Treelet=ఏҊख๏ Treelet-Trans=ఏҊ͢Δม׵نଇΛ
    ద༻ͨ͋͠ͱͷ໦Ͱ PCFG
    Treelet-Rule=Treelet

    ͔Β
    ޠኮʹؔ͢Δจ຺Λআ͍ͨ΋ͷ 5-gram=KNεϜʔδϯάͨ͠5άϥϜݴޠϞσϧ
    PCFG-LA=ݴޠϞσϧϞʔυʹͨ͠Berkeley Parser
    HeadLex=(Collins, 1999) ͷϞσϧ1ͱಉ༷ͷओࣙޠኮԽख๏
    24

25. ࣝผϞσϧͱൺֱͯ͠΋
    Treelet LM ͸ߴ͍ੑೳͰ͢
    |  Trigram ͔Β࡞੒ͨٙ͠ࣅෛྫ (Okanohara and Tsujii,

    2007) ͱਖ਼͍͠จͷ෼ྨλεΫ
    BLLIP=(Post, 2011) ͷίʔύε 1B=PTB+BLLIP+Gigaword LSVM=Latent SVM (Cherry and Quirk, 2008) TSG=Tree Substitution Grammar Rerank=Reranking features from (Charniak and Johnson, 2005)
    
    Treelet-Rule ͷ΄͏͕͍͍ͷ͸ ٙࣅෛྫ͕3-gram͔Βੜ੒͞Ε͍ͯΔ͔Βʁ
    25

26. ػց຋༁Ͱ΋
    Treelet
    ݴޠϞσϧ͸༗ޮͰ͢
    |  Moses (French to English, Germean to

    English) ͱ Joshua (Chinese to English) Ͱग़ྗ ͨ͠ӳจͱɺϦϑΝϨϯεจΛ෼ྨ͢ΔλεΫ
    
    
    
    
    ݴޠϞσϧ͸1Bίʔύεͱର༁ίʔύεͷӳޠ ଆͰτϨʔχϯά
    26

27. ·ͱΊ
    |  ୯७ͳ౷ޠతݴޠϞσϧΛఏҊͨ͠
    |  େن໛σʔλΛ࢖ͬͯطଘͷNάϥϜʹର͢Δε Ϝʔδϯάख๏ͰਪఆՄೳ
    |  ͍ΖΜͳλεΫͰଞͷੜ੒ϞσϧͷݴޠϞσϧ ΑΓΑ͍ੑೳɺࣝผϞσϧͷख๏ͱಉఔ౓ͷੑ ೳ
    

    |  ࣮૷΋؆୯ʂ
    27

28. ࣭໰ͷ࣌ؒʢ̍ʣ
    |  ਅ౻͞Μͷ symbol refinement ͷ΄͏͕ཧ࿦త ʹ΋͖Ε͍ͩ͠ਓखͰࠇຐज़తͳ΋ͷΛ࡞Βͳ ͯ͘Α͍͕ɺͦΕͱͷҧ͍͸ʁʢ࣋ڮʣ
    
    ˠ࣮૷͕؆୯ɺେن໛ʹεέʔϧ͢Δʢখொʣ
    

    |  ͡Ό͋ͳΜͰߴ଎ʁʢ࣋ڮʣ
    
    ˠߏจղੳͷ͕࣌ؒݴޠϞσϧߏஙʹೖ͍ͬͯ ͳ͍͔ΒͰ͸ʁʢদݪʣ
    28

29. ࣭໰ͷ࣌ؒʢ̎ʣ
    |  ୯߲ϧʔϧʹ͸ॿಈࢺʹؔ͢Δҙຯͷ͋Δϧʔ ϧ΋͋ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏͕ɺऔΓআ͍ͯ͠ ·ͬͯΑ͍ͷ͔ʁʢ૬ᖒʣ
    
    ˠશ͕ͯҙຯ͕ͳ͍ͱ͸ॻ͍͍ͯͳ͍͕ɺڪΒ ͘ύʔϓϨΩγςΟͳͲͰධՁͯ͠վળ͍ͯ͠Δ ͔Βಋೖ͞Εͨϧʔϧͩͱࢥ͏ʢখொʣ
    29

30. ࣭໰ͷ࣌ؒʢ̏ʣ
    |  Treelet ͷܭࢉͷͱ͖ derivation ͕1ͭʹܾ·Β ͳ͍৔߹͕͋Δͱࢥ͏͕ɺͲ͏͍ͯ͠Δ͔ʁ ʢ࣋ڮʣ
    
    ˠશ֬཰ΛٻΊΔʹ͸
    inside

    outside ͱ͔࢖͏ ͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏͕ɺ໌ࣔతʹॻ͍ͯ͋ͬͨ هԱ͕ͳ͍ɻ࣮ݧͰ͸1,000ϕετͷղੳ໦Λ ࢖ͬͯස౓Λܭࢉ͍ͯͨ͠ɻʢখொʣ
    30