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Speed Up Your Database

Speed Up Your Database

Are your queries slow? Learn how to speed them up through better SQL crafting and use meaningful indices. You will understand what works well and what doesn’t, and will walk away with a checklist for faster databases.

Anna Filina

June 18, 2013
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  1. FooLab Multitude of queries • Loops: • Reduce number of

    queries. • Check for lazy loading in your ORM. 5 picture_ids.each do |id| query_pic_details(id) end
  2. FooLab Lazy loading • Data loaded on demand. • Use

    LEFT JOIN to get all related data in one go. 6 puts picture.album.user.name
  3. FooLab Count queries • Manual: add custom code before queries.

    • Auto: ORMs (like ActiveRecord) have listeners. 8
  4. FooLab Slow query log • Open my.cnf • Queries taking

    0.5s or longer will be logged. • Open the log file and analyze the queries. 9 slow_query_log=ON long_query_time=0.5 slow_query_log_file=/path/to/file
  5. FooLab Example schema 10 200 users 100 albums each 100

    pictures each 2,000,000 total pics
  6. FooLab Simple query • Get all pictures from user #1

    • 38 seconds. 11 SELECT picture.id, picture.title FROM picture LEFT JOIN album ON picture.album.id = album.id WHERE album.user_id = 1;
  7. FooLab Explain 13 • Prefix with EXPLAIN: • Each row

    = table scanned: EXPLAIN SELECT picture.id, picture.title FROM picture LEFT JOIN album ON picture.album.id = album.id WHERE album.user_id = 1; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | album | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20000 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | picture | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2000000 | Using where; Using join buffer | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------------+
  8. FooLab Explain 14 • Details: • Because of the join,

    we’re scanning all albums for each picture. • Total 40 billion rows scanned. table : album key : NULL rows : 20,000 table : picture key : NULL rows : 2,000,000
  9. FooLab Metaphor 16 Flip through all pages of a address

    book... ... or pull on the letter tab.
  10. FooLab Add an index 17 • album.id • Same query

    down to 2.38 sec. • We just saved 36 sec on every request! ALTER TABLE album ADD PRIMARY KEY(id);
  11. FooLab Under the hood 18 • Details: • With the

    index, we find our album right away. • Total 2,000,000 rows scanned. table : album key : PRIMARY rows : 1 table : picture key : NULL rows : 2,000,000
  12. FooLab Add a better index 19 • picture.album_id • Now

    down to 0.12 sec. • 317 times faster than original. ALTER TABLE picture ADD INDEX(album_id);
  13. FooLab Under the hood 20 • Details: • Total 200,000

    rows scanned. table : album key : NULL rows : 20,000 table : picture key : album_id rows : 100
  14. FooLab Add a better index 21 • album.user_id • Now

    down to 0.10 sec. • Gained another 17% in speed. ALTER TABLE album ADD INDEX(user_id);
  15. FooLab Under the hood 22 • Details: • With the

    second index, we’re scanning 100 pics. • Total 10,000 rows scanned. table : album key : user_id rows : 100 table : picture key : album_id rows : 100
  16. FooLab Indexes used 23 • Primary and foreign keys make

    for great indexes. • Also whatever you use in JOINs and WHEREs.
  17. FooLab Index criteria 24 • Change frequency • Selectivity: how

    many different values? • Good examples: • Bad examples: user.gender picture.views user.id picture.date
  18. FooLab Airport customs 26 • 5 customs officers, 1 min

    to process a traveler. • 5 travelers / min = fluid. • 20 travelers / min = queue slowly builds. • 1000 travellers / min = 3h wait if you arrive on 2nd minute.
  19. FooLab Smaller indexes 27 • BIGINT as index is slower

    than TINYINT. • Use UNSIGNED to double the maximum value.
  20. FooLab Functions 29 • Avoid functions on an indexed column:

    • The index will be ignored here. SELECT id, title FROM picture WHERE YEAR(create_date) >= 2011;
  21. FooLab Limit 30 • Now down to 0.0009 sec. •

    100 times faster than the last query. SELECT picture.id, picture.title FROM picture LEFT JOIN album ON picture.album.id = album.id WHERE album.user_id = 1 LIMIT 25;
  22. FooLab Other constraints 31 • Range: • Only makes sense

    if that column is indexed: SELECT picture.id, picture.title FROM picture LEFT JOIN album ON picture.album.id = album.id WHERE album.user_id = 1 AND picture.id BETWEEN 26 AND 50; # 0.023 sec ALTER TABLE picture ADD INDEX(id);
  23. FooLab Other constraints 32 • IN clause: SELECT picture.id, picture.title

    FROM picture LEFT JOIN album ON picture.album.id = album.id WHERE album.user_id = 1 AND picture.id IN (15,26,29,32,45); # 0.048 sec
  24. FooLab Split tables 33 • MySQL can partition your tables

    transparently. • Creates multiple files on disk. • Shows data as a single table.
  25. FooLab Archives 34 • MySQL ARCHIVE storage engine: • Doesn’t

    support UPDATE or DELETE • Very fast for SELECT • You can archive old transactions, news, etc.
  26. FooLab Split databases 35 • Horizontal partitionning, sharding. • Users

    1-1000 and their data in database #1 • Users 1001-2000 and their data in database #2
  27. FooLab Checklist 36 ✓Count queries. ✓Log the slow ones. ✓Use

    EXPLAIN and check number of rows scanned. ✓Try different indexes, remove unused ones. ✓Use small indexes, preferably numeric. ✓Don’t use functions on indexed columns. ✓Limit number of results. ✓Split tables and databases.
  28. FooLab Further reading • Storage engines: http://www.linux.org/article/view/an- introduction-to-mysql-storage-engines • Sharding:

    http://www.jurriaanpersyn.com/archives/ 2009/02/12/database-sharding-at-netlog-with-mysql- and-php/ 37