POTB Site Analysis | Human Forces 2021

Transcript

1. Human Forces Chiara Maggiore, Ada Betchtle, Billy Guarino, Courtney Sigloh, Alex Tapia-Vargas Significant Events, History of Tillamook, Historic Growth & Development, Changes in Human Development, Social and Political Factors
2. ~12,000 Years Ago First Widespread Humans in the Americas There is evidence of humans in N America as early as 20,000 years but consistent civilizations do not appear until approximately 12,000 years ago with the emergence of the Clovis Cultures. The Tillamook peoples are believed to have settled in the area in the 15th century. 1700 Cascadia Earthquake On January 26, at approximate- ly 9PM an estimated magnitude 9 earthquake struck the 600 mile range between Vancouver Island and Cape Mendocino, California. During Subduction Zone earth- quakes such as this one the land actually sinks several meters into the sea, and ‘ghost forests’ of trees drowned in the event can still be seen along the coats. 1787 Robert Gray Gray in credited for being the first western explorer of the Oregon coast and pioneering fur trade. The Columbia River was named after the ship Columbia Rediviva. Due to an incident with the people in what is later called Tillamook, Captain Gray named the bay Murderers Harbor. 1788 John Meares Meares on the ship Felice was one of the first fur traders on the west coast. He entered Tillamook Bay, which he Quicksand Bay. 1805 Lewis & Clark The winter of 1805-6 the Lewis and Clark party reached the mouth of the Columbia and spent several months at Fort Clatsop before returning east to St. Louis. President Jefferson sent them to explore the recent Louisiana Purchase and find the NW passage. 1811 Fort Astoria John Jacob Andrews and the Pacific Fur Company founded Fort Astoria. It changed hands during the subsequent War of 1812. 1859 Oregon Becomes a State Oregon entered the Union as a ‘white-only’ state, the only state to do so. The settlers hated slavery as an institution for economic reasons, not moral ones. 1909 Tillamook Country Creamery Association Several small creameries join forces in dairy production, this group became trademarked 1921. The fee for joining the Association was $10. Cheese production was brought to the valley after Canadian cheese- maker Peter McIntosh taught the local farmers. 1874 Trask Toll Road As farmland grew in the Tillamook Valley grew new transportation was needed. James Quick built a road from Yamhill to Tillamook, It was a 45 mile ride that has been described as “the most awful ride in the world” by one traveler. 1851 Joe Champion Joe was the first white settler in the valley, and famously lived in a spruce tree. 1854 Morning Star was Completed 1942 World War II When the USA entered the war the Navy built blimp hangars in strategic coastal airports to support anti-submarine patrols. Hanger A was completed in only 27 days. 1933-51 The Tillamook Burns 4 fires destroyed 350,000 acres of old growth timber in what is now the Tillamook State Forest. Regional Timeline Significant Events 2000 1900 1800 1700
3. 1942 US Joins World War II When the USA entered the war the Navy built 17 blimp hangars in strategic coastal airports around the country to support anti-submarine patrols. Hanger ‘A’ was completed in only 27 days. The hangers held 8 251 foot long K-class blimps. The hangers were later named as by the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest freestanding wooden structures in the world. The Naval Air Station was decommissioned in 1947 and the land was leased to the airport to the country before passing 1911 Southern Pacific Rail Line Built between 1906 and 1911 the line was eventually abandoned in 1990 a bought by the Port. It stretched 95 miles following the Salmonberry River. The Port used the line to carry grain and lumber until 2006 when sections were destroyed by floods. Today it is planned to be converted in to a trail system. 1926 Highway 101 Due to the mountainous coastal landscape Hwy 101 is the only viable route connecting many coastal communities to one another. It replaced several smaller highways. 1992 Hanger ‘A’ Burns In August 1992 Hanger A was bing used for storage, holding 135,000 bales of hay while Hanger B was starting to become the Air Museum. 1949 Lumber Mills In 1949 the hangers were converted to planing mills that changed hands several time until they were 1982 when the recession forced the price of timber up. 1952 Aviation Experimentation From 1952-3 the US Air Force used the site to launch balloons for tracking the jetstream. In 1963 it was used as a site to attempt crossing the pacific by a helium balloon. 1981 Lighter-Than-Air Part of Hanger ‘B’ was rented by Aerolift Inc. to test new technology called the Cyclocrane. The first experiment was destroyed in an accident but another was built and project continued 2003 Digester The digester processes manured of 4,000 cows. It is a simple, effective way to convert the methane gas into electricty. 1941 Tillamook Airtport After much convincing from the CAA the county finally agreed to build the airport. Construction started early December but work quickly accelerated when a few days later Peal Harbor was bombed. The land previously had been grazing pastured for dairy production. Site Timeline Significant Events 2000 1900
4. • Native peoples have lived on this continent for about 12,000 years. Many tribes are native to this region, including the Tillamook. • Languages were vast in this area, but they fit within the following families: Na-Dene, Tsimshianic, Wakashan, Salish/ Salishan, Chimakuan, and Penutian. • Tribes did not have frequent wars but they were not egalitarian. They had slaves, which could be used to purchase wives. WHAT WAS THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LAND? • Their way of life and architecture did not drastically alter the landscape. • Land was sacred and connected to daily traditions. • There was trade, but tribes generally lived on what they could find in their own area. HOW DID THEY LIVE? • People lived along the bay in gabled cedar plank houses. • Whale oil and fish heads were used as fuel for extra light. • Food sources were fish, sea food, camas roots, berries, and local game like beaver and elk. • Roots were cooked in pits of heated stones. Meat was dried for preservation then boiled. • To instigate war, a tribe had to get permission from both chiefs of their river. WHO LIVED IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST BEFORE EUORPEAN SETTLERS? First Nations and How They Inhabitied the Bay HISTORY OF TILLAMOOK
5. A GREY AREA OF AMERICAN HISTORY The presence of European settlers was not inherently damaging. At first, amicable relationships were possible. The history of American Colonialism became violent due to differences in beliefs, anti-Native American hysteria, and a European drive to “make use of” the valuable land that native peoples had used for millenia. What Happened? • The first settlers were fur traders, who were granted a warm welcome. • Native peoples were initially helpful and acted as guides, tradespeople, and ferrymen. • Pandemics were the most disastrous side effect of European settlement. • Europeans brought new diseases like small pox that wiped out over 90% of the population by some estimates. • Native peoples became less welcoming. • Eventually, the native population was pushed out of their homeland and targetted. What Was Lost? • From this area alone, thousands of indigenous Americans’ lives were lost. • Native history and cultural traditions faded. • Due to a combination of death and assimilation, the original culture of the first nations was drowned out almost entirely by the European traditions and customs. • The indigenous way of life is no longer feasible. • The land has been permanently altered. Fields stand in the place of forests. What Was Gained? • The area became economically prosperous for European settlers. • The bay gained connections to the inland valley, thus the rest of the country. • The settlers shaped the region into what it is today and founded the local dairy industry that still serves the economy. Settlement and the Transition of Power HISTORY OF TILLAMOOK
6. THE FIRST SETTLERS • In the late 18th and early 19th century, European fur traders visited the area. • Joe Champion became the first official settler in 1851. He was closely followed by a few bachelors, including Sam Howard and W. Taylor. • Families gradually joined the area. By 1954, there were dozens of men and women. • The native peoples in the area supported European settlement and acted as guides. THE DAIRY INDUSTRY • The dairy industry is not the only source of profit in the area, but it was crucial to Tillamook’s economic development. • Tillamook became known for cheese in the late 1800s and early 1900s because cheese survived transportation better than butter. • By the 1930s, Tillamook, Oregon was exporting 7 million pounds of cheese per year. HISTORIC RACISM • In the 1920s, the KKK had a strong political influence. During this time the group was largely anti-Catholic and anti-Japanese. • The population over 95% Caucasian, with one African American farmer who left by 1925 and no Japanese residents in the 1920s. Meanwhile, the Native American population ranged from 19-28 out of thousands of residents. The Beginning of Modern Tillmaook, OR HISTORY OF TILLAMOOK
7. Natural Resources Trading Manufacturing Transportation Energy Tillamook Creamery Dairy Farms Morning Star PR&N Fishing Lumber Naval Air Station / Museum Digester Tillamook Airport INDUSTRY MAP Tillamook Growth & Devemopment
8. Tillamook Natives White Settlers Forced Relocation Malaria Epidemic COVID-19 Pandemic The Great Depression WWII WWI 1942 - 1948 2003 - 2017 1994 Arrival of White Settlers + Dairy Farming Morning Star 1855 Timber Boom PR&N 1911 1880s - 1920s Tillamook Burn 1933 - 1951 Reforestation 1949 - 1970 Tillamook Cheese Factory 1894 Tillamook Naval Air Station 1948 - Tillamook Airport Tillamook Digester Tillamook Air Museum Tillamook 1851 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Coastal Road [1892] TCCA [1909] HW 6 [1941] M i St Tillamook Boom k Till t Tillamook White Settlers + Dairy Farming Joseph Champion is known to be the first white settler in Tillamook. He’s the guy who lived in a spruce tree. The settlers that followed him intro- duced dairy cows and this became their main source of production. Morning Star Trade Ship In the few years following the settlers arrival they came to realize the hardships of living on the land. Due to the diff iculty of the terrain, they came to build a ship out of shipwrecks and local lumber to use for trading in order to avoid starvation. Tillamook Cheese Factory Though it was the main product, the first cheese factory wasn’t established until Merriman Foland in 1994. At this time Peter McIntosh brought his expertise to the land. In 1909, the Tillamook County Creamery Association was formed. Timber Boom + Fishing Due to the availability or the resources both the timber and fishing industries grew significantly from the 1800s to the 1920s. Technology developments allowed them to consume more. This began severe deforestation and overconsumption of fish. Pacific Railway & Navigation Also kniown as Punk Rotten & Nasty, the deveopement of the railway system through Tillamook made log transportation much easier. This rail system also brought coastal tourism to Tillamook for it’s shorter ride. Tillamook Burn + Resforestation Effort A series of fires in 1933, 1939, 1945, 1951 destroyed much of the land . In the years following, there were eforts to use the burned wood. Huge reforestation eff orts were made by locals and the US government. Tillamook Air Station During WWII Tillamook became a port for the US Navy Lighter Than Air project, using blimps to guard the ships on the coast. Two of the total 17 US blimp hangars were located here. The hangars were a massive eff ort of timber engineering measuring .1,072 feet long, 296 feet wide, and 192 feet tall. They only served their intended purpose for 6 years before being turned over to the local government as The Port of Tillamook Bay. The airport became a municpal lading and take-off strip, which still used today. In 1992, Hangar A was destroyed in a fire, Hanger B remains. Tillamook Air Museum Second only to the 1,300,000 tourists The Tillamook Creamery brings, the Tillamook Air Museum contributes 80,000 yearly visitors. In 2014 some of the collection was moved to Madras, OR. In 2016 the classic aircraft followed. Tillamook Digester Tillamook Digester was created to use the manure from the dairy cattle, and convert it to natural gas energy and clean crop fertilizer. One report found that this contributed to powering a total of 50 houses. Tillamook Growth & Development HISTORICAL TIMELINE
9. 2013-2018 EMPLOYMENT The data period current total is 2,220 employed residents. Overall Tillamook has had an employment grwoth of 4.12% from 2013 to 2018. Tillamook is reported to have a Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting industry 3.44x higher than average, as well as Real Estate & Rental & Leasing 2.19x higher, and AReal Estate & Rental & Leasing 2.07 times. The Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting data correlated to the dairy producing nature of Tillamook. The Real Estate & Rental & Leasing industry highs can be attributed to a significantly higher number of residences than residents, presumably many coastal vacation houses. The high Real Estate & Rental & Leasing can be attributed to the high number of yearly visitors at the Tillamook Creamery and the Tillamook Air Museum. 2018 EMPLOYMENT 2013 EMPLOYMENT https://datausa.io/profile/geo/tillamook-or#economy COVID-19 OREGON UNEMPLOYMENT INDUSTRY JOBS Tillamook Growth & Development
10. TILLAMOOK COUNTY the land of cheese, trees, and ocean breeze Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS
11. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHICS 25,342 - Population 95% White 33% Over the Age of 60 Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHICS $43,676 - Median Income 16% Below Poverty Level $90,536 - Net Farm Income HOUSING DEMOGRAPHICS 18, 374 Housing Units 293 Farms 32,936 Acres of Farmland
12. 748 | 7.8% Natural resources & mining Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS Industry & Employment 365 | 3.8% Construction 365 | 3.8% Professional & business services 77% of Government jobs are in local government 2/3rds of Manufacturing jobs are in food products 1/4th of Manufacturing jobs are in wood products 61% of Leisure/hospitality jobs are in food services 3/4th of Trade/transport jobs are in trucking for retail trade *there is a truckers training program based out of Tillamook * 1 of 10 residents work at Tillamook Cheese!!
13. CULTURAL CONTEXT Tillamook has a unique cultural identity. It is situated along the Oregon Coast Highway with beaches and lighthouses beckoning passing tourists. The Tillamook Cheese Factory has saturated the communities identity - even making the High School’s mascot the “Cheesemaker”. Heritage and history are important to the community. Historical buildings are being marked with quilted patterns and added to the Quilt Trail for visits to tour and appreciate the architecture of old barns and buildings. Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS
14. Milk from cows fuels a majority of the income for the 293 farms in Tillamook county. 44,364 cattle and calves live in Tillamook - compared to the 25,342 people. And the cows are happy! Cows only “moo” as a warning or when they are discontented. Visit the dairy pastures of Tillamook any day of the year and what you’ll mostly hear is the joyful sound of silence. Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS COWS OUTNUMBER PEOPLE 2:1
15. N Helping farms span generations. Farming in Tillamook is traditionally a family business and many of our farmers aspire to continue that tradition into future gener- ations. Helping farms span generations has become increasingly critical — for our farmers and for Oregon agriculture in general. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the average age of Oregon farmers has risen to 60 years old, and projections show that 64 percent of Oregon agricultural land will change hands in the next 20 years.3 Successfully transitioning across generations requires a succession plan. This goes far beyond a traditional will; it must account for complex business assets, family dispute resolution, and zoning considerations. The crux of intergenerational succession is effective land transfer, which can be a difficult process. If a farm is overleveraged, for example, there might be pressure to sell that land to someone outside the family who is able to pay more. As part of our commitment to Thriving Farms, we’re helping farmers address these land transfer challenges. One example is the work that Sarah Beaubien, our Senior Director of Stewardship, is doing with the Oregon Agricultural Heritage Trust. Together, they’re exploring setting up what are called “working lands easements,” agreements between a landowner and a land trust that allow a farmer to dedicate a small piece of their land for conservation while they continue farming the rest, which can permanently protect its value. These easements allow farmers to finance succession, so that their families can continue to work the land for generations to come.3 340,000ACRES fell out of agricultural production in Oregon from 2012-2017.4 The Seals have been farming for multiple generations. Two-thirds of Oregon’s farm lands will change hands in the next 20 years, yet up to 80 percent of farmers don’t have succession plans. In this transition, productive land and associated habitat are vulnerable to non-farm development and fragmentation.”3 SARAH BEAUBIEN Senior Director of Stewardship, TCCA “ TILLAMOOK COUNTY GASTON 1 FARMER-OWNER BOARDMAN 228 EMPLOYEES PORTLAND 106 EMPLOYEES REMOTE 20 EMPLOYEES 82 FARMER-OWNERS 9,738GUESTS visit us each day at The Creamery, which generates revenue for the local community. 563EMPLOYEES work in Tillamook, the location of our headquarters.
16. Human Forces: social, political, economic SITE & CONTEXT ANALYSIS THE FUTURE OF FARMS? Agriculture and farmland is a driving economic force in the area. The trend towards tourism and industrial development could leave the region poorer in the long run if farming is not valued and prioritized. The Port of Tillamook Bay is being shortsighted in only considering temporary farm uses for the space. “Getting to turn grass into milk and cheese is pretty rewarding, and it’s not something very many people get to do anymore. It’s really hard to get into the industry for a person my age who doesn’t have a family farm or financial backing. I’m really lucky I have a farm I can come back to and keep those traditions going.” Aging Population Roughly 64% of Oregon’s farmland will change hands in the next 20 years. 33% of the population is over the age of 60. Development Patterns Humans tend to build their settlements in the most fertile and productive soils of a region — rich, flat- bottom land near rivers. Despite land use policies Oregon enacted to slow this transition, the state has converted over 500,000 acres from farmland to other uses since 1974. Disinterested Youth One of the reasons small farms go out of business is because the children of dairy farmers often refuse to take over. Young people are heading to college and more urban areas. FARMING BROUGHT $26,527,000 DOLLARS OF INCOME TO TILLAMOOK
17. 0 7 14 21 28 3.5 Miles Legend CityofTillamook TillamookCounty Fire_Tillamookburnhistory <all other values> YEAR 1933 1939 1945 1951 1956 1976 ´ Tillabook Burn History land resources & management Governor Earl Snell looking on as State Forester Nelson Rogers describes the 5,000- acre Salmonberry fire - Salmonberry Burn, 1945 “swept over more than 260,000 acres of prime timberland in the space of two weeks” Tillamook Burn Salmonberry Burn https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/salmonberry-burn-1945/ https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/the-oregon-coastforists-and-green-verdent-launs/unions-and-hard-times/ the-great-depression-2/ Public concern over the fate of the Tillamook Burn led Governor Earl Snell to ap- point a citizens’ committee to study the question. The committee recommended a huge reforestation effort, bigger than any ever tried, to restore the area to its “natural, wealth-producing status” and to turn it into “a 300,000-acre growing tree farm” in the words of one newspaper account.
18. 0 5.5 11 16.5 22 2.75 Miles Legend CityofTillamook OwnershipLandManagment <all other values> LMClass Federal Industrial Local Private State Tribal Urban Water WBD ´ Ownership land resources & management
19. 0 5.5 11 16.5 22 2.75 Miles Legend <all other values> ZoneCall Intensive Agriculture Low-Density Residential Mixed Forest/Agriculture Other Urban Wildland Forest ´ Land Use land resources & management
20. boom & bust - economic vitality Timber Industry The Railroad from Portland to Tillamook was completed in November 1911 and the timber industry took off. Whitney Company mill at Garibaldi and other mills at Cochran, Timber, and Tillamook thrived. Federal timber sales were drastically cut after the listing and a subsequent lawsuit, dropping from a 1983-1989 average of 2.9 billion board-feet in western Oregon to less than 0.5 billion board-feet in 1996 In July 23, 1990 the Northern Spotted Owel was officially listed as threatened. Laser automated saw-mills significantly reduced the need for labor Mass-timber Industry ? Diminishing importance of the wood products industry in the state’s economy Emergence as a large-scale industrial enterprise in the Northwest 1920’s Northwest sawmills were cutting 11.7 billion board feet of lumber a year and supporting a million jobs By 1936, many Oregon landowners gave up large acreages of timberlands to counties, as they would rather walk away than pay the taxes. the Oregon Department of Forestry proposed a deal: the counties would deed the land to the State of Oregon, and state foresters would rehabilitate the Burn 1938, Oregon is leading producer of wood products 1948, the reforestation effort became reality 1945, Postwar logging boom Between 1950 and 1970, more than twenty thousand schoolchildren participated in the Tillamook Burn Replanting Project Since the 1970s, state foresters, have struggled to develop a balanced plan for the Tillamook and Clatsop state forests. More logging or save the trees? Reforestation Efforts Evironm ental Regulations Significant Technological Changes The Great Depression, 1929-1933 1933, Tillamook Burn 1890-1900 https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/the-timber-industry-climax/ https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/timber_industry/ Federal regulators banned the use of DDT in 1972 and the herbicide 2,4,5-T in 1979 to keep brush from com- peting with Douglas-fir and other tree species Governor Tom McCall dedicated the new Tillamook State Forest in July 1973
21. Allen, C. (2006). Tillamook Cheddar Cheese. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/tillamook-ched- dar-cheese/#.X_YT2thKguV Best, D. R. (2020, April 03). “BEST of History”: In the beginning ... of the settlement of Tillamook County. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.tillamookcountypio- neer.net/best-of-history-in-the-beginning-of-the-settlement-of-tillamook-county/ Boas, F. (1898). Traditions of the Tillamook Indians. The Journal of American Folklore, 11(40). doi:10.2307/533608 Boas, F. (1965). Notes on the Tillamook (Vol. 20). New York: Kraus Reprint. Cable, S. (2008). An Introduction to the Peoples and Languages of the Pacific Northwest. Theoretical Perspectives on Languages of the Pacific Northwest: Proseminar on Semantic Theory. Cooper, A. (2019, February 14). Native American Tribes & the Indian History in Tillamook, Oregon. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://americanindiancoc.org/na- tive-american-tribes-the-indian-history-in-tillamook-oregon/ Edel, M. M. (1939, May). The Tillamook Language. The University of Chicago Press Journals, 10(1), 1-57. Indian history - NeahkahnieVisions. (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://neahkahnievisions.smugmug.com/Topics/Indian-history/ NORTHWEST CULTURE. (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://www.germantownbulldogs.org/pages/Indian%20Project/northwest.html Oregon Secretary of State. (n.d.). Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/records/county/Pages/tillamook-history.aspx Ratty, B. D. (2016). Short Story The Spirit of the Tillamook People. Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://dutchclarke.com/Stories/tillamook.html Tillamook History. (n.d.). Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://tillamookor.gov/tillamook-history/ Tillamook. (n.d.). Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/tillamook/#.X_YT09hKguV Tillamook. (n.d.). Retrieved January 08, 2021, from https://banksfourthgrade-nativetribes.weebly.com/tillamook.html Toll, W. (1978). Progress and Piety: The Ku Klux and Social Change in Tillamook, Oregon. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 69(2), 75-85. Wells, G. (2014). Resettlement. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/the-oregon-coastforists-and-green-verdent-launs/con- tact-and-settlement/resettlement-2/#.X_YT1thKguU Bibliography