Modeling for all Scales | Adrian

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1. Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School 1214 Lowry Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55412 Selected Version: 1909 Drawings Adriann Bechtle
2. BUILDING AS SHELTER Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School was constructed in 1887 and had multiple additions, including one in 1909-1910, and was eventually converted into condominiums in 1977. The core of the building was a courtyard in the early 20th century.
3. Although I found floor plans, sections, elevations, and a wall detail of the building, I could not find any technical drawings of the current or original building. The full set of drawings I could find are also missing a portion of each floor plan, so I had to piece two versions together. By examining plans from 1909 and 1977 then comparing them to the existing building, I realized the 1909 plans were closest to the building’s modern state. From the historic report, I was able to figure out that all but the auditorium is a brick and stone building with wood framed floors. The gym/auditorium, which was added around 1910, has a concrete floor slab and includes concrete elements in the walls. The original basement is constructed from limestone and the original bricks are from Chaska, Minnesota. I have not been able to track down the architect that converted this building into condominiums, so I decided to focus on this building’s function as a school (1887-1979). Because there was only one floor plan provided of the building with the kindergarten and extra classrooms, I have examined the 1910 version of the building while acknowledging that some of the work and energy put into this building existed in the middle of its lifespan as a school. Process Narrative
4. Building Model
5. Materials Embodied Energy and Carbon Table Heating and Lighting Annual Heat Loss Through Walls Equivalent: 1,800 Large Bonfires Due to a harsh climate and poor insulation, the building as detailed around 1900 would lose a significant amount of heat through its walls alone. There are few details on the roof insulation and there appears to be no insulation on the floor slab. If these were to be included in the calculations, the heat loss would be more than doubled.
6. Building as Shelter Diagram
7. Construction and Maintenance This building was constructed shortly after the invention of automobiles, so it was not constructed with modern technology. The bricks were locally sourced, along with the limestone. So, initially this building had a smaller carbon footprint. The addition of insulation, extra wings, and later interior divisions to convert the building into condomini- ums exponentially increased the building’s embodied carbon and embodied energy.
8. BUILDING AS SETTING
9. Thermal Performance in Minneapolis, MN Weather -16°F 65°F 6.25°F -16°F 65°F 30°F Theoretical Modified Wall R Value = approx. 46 Polyiso insulation and metal lath Historic Wall R Value = approx. 22 Two courses of brick, insulation, and interior plaster finish The winter weather in Minneapolis, MN may be too extreme for a single layer of insulation. Modern brick walls with only a brick veneer and exterior insulation may be more suitable to this climate. Even with two layers of insulation, fully insulating is unrealistic in this climate because it would take R80 walls. Design Cold Temp. Design Room Temp. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Highs and Lows Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rain and Snow 8°F 13°F 24°F 37°F 49°F 59°F 64°F 62°F 52°F 40°F 26°F 12°F 24°F 29°F 41°F 58°F 69°F 79°F 83°F 80°F 72°F 58°F 41°F 27°F 12.9” 8.8” 1 1.9” 5.7” 3.4” 4.3” 4” 4.3” 3.1” 3.4” 10.8” 13.2”
10. Average Illuminance Annual Average Sunrise to Sunset Fall Equinox At 12 pm Roughly 300 - 1,000 lux is ideal for a classroom. The brighter classrooms exceed this range in many areas while the dimmer classrooms have areas that are always below this range.
11. Daylight Factor and Glare Average Daylight Factor Across all Spaces: 1.91% Glare Thresholds Under 35%= Imperceptible 25-40% = Perceptible 40-45% = Disturbing Over 45% = Intolerable Glare for Classroom Facing Courtyard Day with Highest Average Daylight Glare Possibility: June 20 Average DGP: 28.08% Glare on June 20 7 am 8 am 2 pm 3 pm 24.27% DGP 26.22% DGP 24.30% DGP 41.02% DGP Glare for Classroom Facing East Day with Highest Average Daylight Glare Possibility: March 30 Average DGP: 52.42% Glare on March 30 7 am 8 am 2 pm 3 pm 100% DGP 100% DGP 23.40% DGP 23.07% DGP The orientation of these two classrooms creates two problematic lighting conditions. The classroom facing the courtyard is only well lit by the window and no portion of the room achieves the ideal 3% average DF. The classroom facing east has the opposite problem. It is overlit and suffers from intolerable glare during class time.
12. The Classroom Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School was a school for about a century before being converted into condominiums. The classrooms are currently apartments; that is their most obvious change. But they’ve changed multiple times since the building’s initial construction in 1887. At first, the classrooms were only lit by daylight and heated by a cast iron boiler in the basement. The windows in this particular classroom are only connected to the interior court, which was primarily a light well. As advancements in building technology continued, the classrooms were lit by gaslights, then electric lighting, and eventually heated with radiators in each room. It’s important to note that, given this building’s time period, it excluded students of color for almost its entire history as a school. This school was shut down in 1979, around the time Minneapolis’s relatively new integration efforts increased their specificity.
13. Activities Summary The activities of a classroom are quite self-explanatory. There would have been a single teacher and about twelve students in this room during class time. The teacher taught her students and the students talked amongst themselves when this was allowed. After class was over, the classroom would have been cleaned. Lighting, heating, and acoustic control are all critical features for classroom activities. The lighting in these classrooms was frequently too bright or too dim and the building would have gotten almost unbearably cold during the winter months. At least the interior walls seem thick enough to offer acoustic insulation.
14. Materials and Material Flows Yellow Chaska Bricks Insulation Plaster Limestone Wood Books Supplies Water + Electricity Waste Water Trash Furniture Money Teachers Students
15. Building as Setting Diagram
16. McKinley School District BUILDING AS SITE
17. Relationship with Minneapolis, MN Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School is one of the only standing historical schools in Minneapolis, MN. It is currently a condominium complex, but it was a school for just over 100 years. During this building’s life as a school, it was funded by state taxes. The bulk building materials used to construct this building were from local sources. As a masonry building, its structure and envelope are one and the same. Today this building is on the historic registry and the Minneapolis government keeps records of its earlier iterations. However, due to a lack of proper record keeping since initial construction, some details about the building are unknown.
18. Timeline 1887 Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School is Constructed MLPS Pop. in 1880: 46,887 1887-1910 Three story gymnasium /auditorium added to the school MLPS Pop. in 1910: 301,408 1916 Final addition of media room and community center. 1971-1976 Collective bargaining for student and teacher rights. 1979 The school is shut down. 1887 Wings added to Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School MLPS Pop. in 1890: 164,738 1972, 1978 After 2 years of voluntary integration efforts, Minneapolis schools were legally required to integrate. In 1978, the rules became more specific. MLPS Pop. in 1970: 434,400 1910-1930 Population boom, increase in school building code requirements. MLPS Pop. in 1930: 464,356 1977 The school is put into the historic registry MLPS Pop. in 1980: 370,951
19. Proximity of the Quarry Chaska Bricks Fredrika Bremer Intermediate School
20. Building as Site Diagram
21. References “Chaska Brick Industry, 1857–1950.” MNopedia. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://www.mnopedia.org/group/chaska-brick-industry-1857-1950. “Densities for Common Residential Construction Materials.” CivilEngineeringBible.com. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://civilengineeringbible.com/arti cle.php?i=65. “Density of Different Construction Materials.” M2UKBLOG, October 4, 2016. https://m2ukblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/21/density-of-differ ent-construction-materials/. Density of Plaster in 285 units of density. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://www.aqua-calc.com/page/density-table/substance/plaster. Felegy, Amy. “Telling History Brick by Brick.” SWNewsMedia.com, July 30, 2020. https://www.swnewsmedia.com/chaska_herald/news/community/telling-history-brick-by-brick/article_01da83a7-52c6-53d1-99f7 -142 6c530817b.html. “Frederika Bremer Intermediate School, Minneapolis Minnesota.” Historic Structures, June 25, 2010. http://www.historic-structures.com/mn/minneapolis/bremer_school.php. Hammond, Geoffry. “Embodied Carbon,” n.d. https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIA-ICE-guide.pdf. “How Minneapolis Re-Segregated Its Schools and Set the Stage for a National Crisis.” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group. Accessed November 27, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/minneapolis-re-segregated-schools-set-the-stage-national-crisis/. Jackson, Mike. “A Look Back at Insulation Products of the 20th Century.” architectmagazine.com. May 2, 2019. https://www.architectmagazine.com/prac tice/a-look-back-at-insulation-products-of-the-20th-century_o. “Lumens to Watts Incandescent Bulbs Calculator LED, CFL Energy Savers & Halogens.” Sust. Accessed November 6, 2020. https://www.sust-it.net/incandes cent-bulbs-lumens-to-watts-conversion-led.php. “Minneapolis, Minnesota Population History 1880 - 2019.” Minneapolis, Minnesota Population History | 1880 - 2019. Accessed November 27, 2020. https://www.biggestuscities.com/city/minneapolis-minnesota. “Minnesota SP Bremer, Fredrika, Intermediate School.” National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, 2017. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/93201810. Minnesota State Department of Education. “A History of the State Department of Education in Minnesota ,” n.d. https://mn.gov/mnddc/past/pdf/60s/67/67-AHO-MDE.pdf.
22. References Cont. “Models.com.” Energy. Accessed December 9, 2020. https://energy-models.com/weather-data. “4.3 School Hours: Is There Enough Time To Learn?” ED100. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://ed100.org/lessons/schoolhours. ROCKWOOL Thermal Insulation Specification. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://www.arcat.com/sdspecs/htm04/07_21_00rox.htm. “Comprehensive list of solar transformities” in Srinivasan, Ravi, and Kiel Moe. The Hierarchy of Energy in Architecture: Emergy Analysis. London: Routledge, 2015. Sullivan, Barry. “HIGHLIGHTS OF STATE EDUCATION POLICES FROM 1970-2000 ,” October 6, 2000. https://mn.gov/mnddc/past/pdf/00s/00/00-HSE-MDE.pdf. “The History of Asphalt Roofing Shingles.” Central Roofing, November 29, 2016. https://www.centralroofing.com/inside-crc/the-history-of-asphalt-roofing-shingles/. Unbound. “Integration, Desegregation and the Minneapolis Public Schools,” 2018. http://www.pollenmidwest.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/unbound-mpls-idissue-.2018pdf.pdf. “Understanding BTU's.” Understanding BTU's | The Outdoor Greatroom Company, February 12, 2018. https://www.outdoorrooms.com/company/advice/understand ing-btus. “US Heating Degree-Days.” Engineering ToolBox. Accessed November 4, 2020. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/us-degree-days-d_1569.html. “Value Table.” R Values. Accessed November 4, 2020. https://coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm. “Weather Averages Minneapolis, Minnesota.” Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall. Accessed December 9, 2020. https://www.usclimatedata.com/cli mate/minneapolis/minnesota/united-states/usmn0503. Programs used Model: Revit Systems Diagrams: Kumu Tables: Microsoft Excel Light Analysis: Light Stanza Trial Wall Detail: AutoCAD Map: Snazzy Maps Presentation: Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator